The Indonesian Maritime Journal is an academic journal maintained by the Indonesian Maritime Studies Center (IMSC), Indonesian Naval Command, and Staff College. The journal focuses on strategic, technological, and policy-related studies in maritime affairs and naval power. It covers issues such as maritime security, naval diplomacy, marine economy, maritime law, and the use of maritime technology. Key topics include: Maritime Defense Maritime security Maritime geopolitics and strategy Technology and innovation in the maritime industry International cooperation in maritime affairs Maritime regulations and policies Other related topics The purpose of the Indonesian Maritime Journal is generally to: 1. Provide a Platform for Scientific Publications. Publish research findings, strategic studies, and innovations related to maritime affairs. 2. Enhance Understanding of Maritime Issues. Discuss maritime security, maritime law, marine economy, ship technology, and maritime defense strategies. 3. Support Policy-Making. Serve as a scientific reference for policymakers in the maritime sector at both national and international levels. 4. Encourage Collaboration and Scientific Discussion. Connect academics, practitioners, and maritime stakeholders to share insights and solutions for maritime challenges. 5. Promote Indonesia’s Maritime Excellence. Highlight Indonesia’s role as a maritime nation.
Nilai Strategis Poros Penggerak Listrik Terintegrasi Bagi Kri Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Operasi Keamanan Laut Nusantara
Integrated electric drive shafts are being adopted by various naval forces of superpower countries to enhance the effectiveness of their operations. This study discusses the strategic value of implementing an integrated electric propulsion system on Indonesian Navy Ships to enhance maritime security operational capabilities in the archipelago. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis methods, data were collected through literature studies, interviews, and direct observations. The results indicate that the integrated electric propulsion system offers various advantages, including energy efficiency, noise reduction, and improved maneuverability, all of which contribute to the effectiveness of maritime security missions. However, challenges related to investment costs and maintenance are significant factors that need to be addressed. This research recommends a thorough analysis of cost-benefit considerations and strategies to overcome obstacles in the implementation of this technology, thereby strengthening Indonesia's position as a formidable maritime power.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
Konflik Laut Merah Dan Pelajaran Untuk Perkuatan Pertahanan Laut Nusantara
The Houthi group, which controls Yemen, has imposed a blockade in the Red Sea against ships flying the flags of certain countries, prompting the UN Security Council to issue a resolution. This resolution has become a basis for the United States and several other countries to begin attacking the Houthi group, escalating the situation in the Red Sea. This research discusses the conflict in the Red Sea and the lessons that can be learned to strengthen the maritime defense of the Indonesia’s. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis methods, data was collected through literature studies. The conflict involving the Houthi Group in Yemen highlights the importance of mastering modern defense technologies, such as ballistic missiles and drones, when facing larger powers. The research findings identify the significance of self-reliance in strengthening defense systems, alongside the necessity for Indonesia to continuously foster international cooperation. Ultimately, this study aims to provide recommendations for Indonesia to enhance its maritime defense capacity.
Ancaman Kedaulatan Di Laut, Dan Upaya Perkuatan Pertahanan Negara Melalui Konsep Pertahanan Litoral Serta Kesiapan Indonesia Atasnya
As an archipelagic country, Indonesia faces challenges in determining maritime boundaries that have not yet been fully resolved. This uncertainty has led to the emergence of various threats, both traditional and non-traditional in nature. Based on this, various efforts to strengthen national defense have become crucial, including the implementation of the concept of littoral defense. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the current situation and Indonesia's readiness to apply the concept of littoral defense. The results indicate that although Indonesia possesses significant defense potential, the integration among the branches of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and the development of effective emergency response procedures are key components in the littoral defense concept to safeguard the nation's sovereignty across all borders, including in maritime areas.
Emergency Response Procedures, and National Sovereignty
Smart Defense Dan Dual Strategy - Aplikasinya Terhadap Upaya Pertahanan Laut Nusantara Di Sekitar ALKI I
The application of the Smart Defense and Dual Strategy concepts in Indonesia's maritime defense efforts, particularly around the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane (ALKI) I, serves as an alternative method to enhance defense capabilities in the region. ALKI I is a strategic route that connects various international waters and is susceptible to various threats, including unilateral claims by other countries and illegal activities. By integrating advanced technology in maritime defense and empowering local wisdom, Smart Defense aims to improve surveillance and security in ALKI I. Meanwhile, the Dual Strategy emphasizes the importance of defense diplomacy and the development of the Indonesian Navy's capabilities to maintain national sovereignty. This research employs a literature study method to analyze the geostrategic context and challenges faced by Indonesia, as well as to formulate recommendations for the implementation of both concepts.
Nilai Strategis Frigate Brawijaya Class Bagi Penegakkan Kedaulatan Negara Di Laut Dan Komparasinya Dengan Fregat Lain Di Kawasan
The Frigate Brawijaya Class holds strategic value for the enforcement of state sovereignty at sea. This vessel, which is part of the Frigate European Multi-Mission (FREMM) family, has just joined the Escort Squadron of the II Fleet on September 10, 2025. In this research, the researcher conducted a comparison with frigates owned by countries in the Southeast Asian and Southwest Pacific regions. The research method used is a SWOT analysis to compare the aspects of combat capability, modernity, range, and self-defense systems of KRI Brawijaya-320 and other frigates in the region. The results show that the Mogami frigate from Australia has the highest superiority among the compared vessels, while KRI Brawijaya-320 shows good potential with modern technology and solid combat capability, although it still has limitations in range. Efforts to improve the capabilities and modernization of these vessels will be very important for each country in facing the challenges of maritime security in the region.
Sistem Pengawasan Maritim Terintegrasi Demi Terjamin Kedaulatan Negara
The integrated maritime surveillance system in Indonesia is essential for maintaining national sovereignty as the largest archipelagic country in the world. In this context, the roles of the Indonesian Navy, the Indonesian Air Force, and the Indonesian Army are crucial in monitoring vast maritime areas, especially in facing various threats such as smuggling, resource theft, boundary violations, and maritime terrorism. The research method employed is a qualitative approach, utilizing document analysis and direct observation at strategic locations. The findings indicate that despite the availability of various monitoring tools, challenges remain in terms of coverage and surveillance capacity. The synergy among the three branches of the armed forces, along with the development of monitoring technologies and improved communication systems, is key to enhancing the effectiveness of maritime surveillance. By involving the community in surveillance efforts, it is hoped that this system can be more responsive to existing threats, thereby ensuring the sovereignty and maritime security of Indonesia.
Benteng Nusantara: Postur Peperangan Litoral TNI Angkatan Laut
As the largest archipelagic nation in the world, Indonesia faces unique and massive maritime defence challenges. With the global strategic focus shifting from blue-water naval combat to complex littoral warfare, the posture and capabilities of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) become crucial for national security and regional stability. This article analyses the evolution of TNI AL's littoral warfare capabilities within the framework of long-term defence posture projections for 2025-2045. Utilizing the ideal-type naval framework of "Type A" (Small Coastal Navy) and "Type B" (Superpower Navy) developed by Bergström and Parrat, this article posits the central thesis that TNI AL is building a unique hybrid posture, defined as "Nusantara Fortress" or "Type A+". This model is fundamentally rooted in the principles of sea denial from Type A navies but is strategically enhanced with limited and calibrated power projection capabilities focused on the archipelagic domain. The "Type A+" posture represents a pragmatic and sophisticated response to Indonesia's geography, doctrinal legacy, and persistent fiscal realities. This analysis deconstructs the key components of this posture, ranging from coastal defence systems, underwater warfare, to amphibious capabilities and the integration of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), to demonstrate how TNI AL has not evolved linearly toward a blue-water navy status but rather toward a specialized and optimized form for archipelagic warfare. In conclusion, the "Nusantara Fortress" model offers a new archetype for understanding the naval strategies of major archipelagic nations in the 21st century, acting as a regional stabilizing force by increasing the intervention costs for any external powers without posing an offensive threat to its neighbouring countries.
Inovasi CSBM Maritim Dalam Menjawab Tantangan Keamanan Regional Asia Tenggara
This paper explores innovations in maritime Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBMs) as a strategic response to evolving regional security challenges in Southeast Asia. The study draws upon the author’s participation in the “New Maritime CSBMs in Southeast Asia” workshop organized by the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), complemented by an analysis of contemporary threats such as grey-zone operations, overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claims, and gaps in Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). It proposes a next-generation maritime CSBM framework built upon three core pillars: (1) real-time verification of maritime activities utilizing Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT); (2) a multilateral maritime crisis protocol incorporating standardized hotline and table-top exercises (TTX); and (3) a measurable Risk Reduction Measures (RRM) framework including coercive patrol boundary mapping and military activity exclusion zones. The proposed implementation roadmap (2025–2027) includes establishing a joint risk assessment team, capacity-building initiatives, and a regional satellite imagery-sharing consortium. The findings highlight that the synergy between verification technologies and preventive diplomacy can significantly reduce close-quarters incidents and enhance the resilience of regional maritime security.
Strategic Frontiers: Maritime Infrastructure, Interoperability, And The Australia Indonesia Security Nexus
The recalibration of Australia’s 83 archipelago, places immense operational strategic posture, as articulated in the 2023 Defence Strategic Review (DSR), marks a decisive inflection point in its maritime defence orientation. While framed largely in terms of deterrence and strategic denial, this transformation carries broader implications for regional diplomacy and multilateral security cooperation particularly in relation to Indonesia, Australia’s closest maritime neighbour and a critical Indo-Pacific actor. Australia’s renewed emphasis on its northern defence infrastructure not only reflects a growing concern with the encroachment of major powers in its immediate region but also gestures towards a potential reimagining of maritime partnerships through deeper interoperability capability building.
Contemporary Maritime Piracy In Southeast Asia: An Australian Perspective
Maritime piracy remains an endemic problem in Southeast Asia. Piracy in the region poses immediate threats to maritime freight alongside far-reaching indirect threats to global trade and regional stability. Australia finds itself particularly vulnerable to regional trade disruptions, facing a combination of unavoidable geographic factors and underprepared local infrastructure. Since the early 2000s, multilateral efforts to strengthened combat regional piracy have counter-piracy capabilities through coordinated deployments of maritime force and the consolidation of information sharing efforts. Australia must seek to include increased counter-piracy cooperation in its commitment to strengthen defence and economic partnerships with the nations of Southeast Asia. Maritime piracy will continue to pose a challenge to the stability of trade in the world‟s busiest sea lanes, but with continued multilateral cooperation, the strengthening of information sharing and joint security initiatives, and increased resourcing of local maritime law enforcement agencies, this escalating issue can be controlled.
PRC and USA In Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) entitles coastal States to sovereign rights in their exclusive economic zones (EEZ). An EEZ is a maritime zone in a coastal state where a state can exclusively manage its economic activities. As the largest archipelagic country in the world, Indonesia has a strategic interest in maritime security in its EEZ, which will significantly influence national security; for example, Indonesia's EEZ in the north is the South China Sea. There are no clear rules about military and paramilitary activities in the EEZ, leading countries such as the People‟s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) to frequently conduct such activities without notifying Coastal States like Indonesia. This practice violates Indonesia‟s Sovereign Rights in EEZ and poses a risk of infringing upon Indonesia‟s Sovereignty in Territorial and Archipelagic Waters. This paper will examine whether and how Indonesia should negotiate a new international agreement that specifically regulates military and paramilitary activities by a foreign navy in the EEZ to fill the gap identified. It will assess the factors, potential terms, and viability of such a new agreement, including comparing military and paramilitary activities conducted by the PRC and the USA. One of the advantages of this contrastive approach is the comparison of the use of instrumental powers by the PRC and the USA. This paper is essential because Indonesia has a common interest with most countries: a desire for peaceful and secure sea lanes and sovereign territorial waters in a reliably well-ordered maritime environment. Indonesia opposes any country exploiting Indonesia‟s waters solely for their national interest; as a non-aligned nation, Indonesia has a vested interest in maintaining positive bilateral relations with both the PRC and the USA. Therefore, only peaceful negotiations conducted through diplomatic means can result in new, enforceable terms for traversing a State‟s EEZ, protecting the sovereignty of a State‟s territorial waters. This paper also will impact the relationship between Indonesia, the PRC, and the USA getting better. Public policymakers from the government, the military, and economists can use it to design related national strategic policy.
Together Stronger? Int Errogating Australia’s Hadr Cooperation With Indonesia In An Era Of Proliferating Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are striking more often with greater frequency and intensity across the Indo-Pacific region. This paper argues that Australia has a moral responsibility to step up its provision of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) and can do so with the support of strategic partners. It should do so only while cognisant of priorities outlined by the Defence Strategic Review (2023). By focusing on increasing cooperative activities specifically on HADR, Australia and Indonesia can together save more lives when natural disasters occur in the Indo-Pacific while gaining strategic dividends of building trust between each other‘s militaries and strengthening their diplomatic relationship. Cooperation in HADR operations and increasing the number of HADR training exercises will serve to improve military-to-military relations, increase interoperability and build social capital, all three simultaneously reinforcing the strength of diplomatic relations. This paper make two recommendations: that the Australian and Indonesian militaries continue enhancing defence cooperation with a focus on HADR collaboration and that the ADF increase its focus on participating in HADR training exercises with regional partners. As geographic neighbours facing the transnational burden of HADR, now is the time to invest in cooperation.
Learning Experience At The Indonesian Naval Command And Staff College (Seskoal): Officers' Perspectives In Facing Operational And Strategic Maritime Security Challenges
This phenomenological research aims to explore and understand the essence of the learning experiences of officer students at the Indonesian Naval Command and Staff College (Seskoal) and how these experiences shape their perspectives in facing operational and strategic maritime security challenges. Employing Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenological approach, this study delves deeply into the lived experiences of officer students through in-depth interviews. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis methods with the aid of NVivo software, focusing on the identification of meaning units and reduction to uncover essential themes. The research findings reveal the invariant structure of the learning experience at Seskoal, which includes the intensity of engagement, significant learning moments, challenges encountered, and perceptions of methods and curriculum. Furthermore, this study highlights how these aspects of experience are interconnected in shaping officer students' perspectives on the complexities of maritime security, including the development of strategic analysis skills, increased sense of preparedness, and internalization of relevant mindsets. The findings of this research provide profound insights into the formative process of education at Seskoal from the perspective of officer students and its implications for their readiness in addressing future maritime security challenges. This study recommends the development of interactive learning methods and a relevant curriculum to optimize the formation of officer students' perspectives
transcendental phenomenological approach
Pertahanan Litoral Dihadapkan Pada Keberadaan Alki Yang Membelah Di Tengah Gugus Kepulauan Indonesia
The concept of littoral defense is understood as a series of defense operations that focus on managing the waters around the coastal area, where land power can influence the maritime situation. With a significant area of waters, Indonesia is faced with security challenges due to the increasing intensity of foreign ship voyages through ALKI, which has the potential to disrupt the sovereignty and stability of state security. Using a qualitative approach with an analysis of various laws and regulations and related scientific sources. The findings show that strengthening the TNI's capabilities, integration between dimensions, and increasing public awareness of the importance of maritime security are key strategies in dealing with emerging threats. This study recommends the development of a rapid detection and response system and collaboration between the Government, TNI, and the community to create a safe maritime environment. Through a comprehensive and responsive strategy, Indonesia can maintain the sovereignty and security of its maritime territory, while contributing to regional security stability.
Studi Komparatif Kesenjataan Kaliber 12,7 MM Hingga 30 MM, Untuk Memperkuat Kapal Patroli TNI AL Dalam Menegakkan Keamanan Laut Nusantara
This comparative study analyzes 12.7 mm to 30 mm caliber weapons to strengthen the Indonesian Navy patrol ships in enforcing the security of the Indonesian seas. With the increasing violation of territory by foreign ships, the importance of an effective weapon system is becoming increasingly urgent. Through qualitative methods and SWOT analysis, this study compares several types of heavy machine guns (HMG) in different calibers. The results show that the M2HB Browning (12.7 mm) has the highest score for the 12.7 mm caliber HMG when compared to other products including the SM-5. However, the development of the SM-5 as a local product remains important for the independence of the domestic Strategic Defense Industry. The 20 mm caliber HMG, especially Rheinmetall, shows advantages in destructive power and flexibility, while the Oerlikon twin cannon CGM-B01 (30 mm) offers reliability and good logistical support. The conclusion of this study confirms that strengthening weapons in calibers of 12.7 mm to 30 mm on patrol ships belonging to the Indonesian Navy is very necessary to increase the effectiveness of patrol elements in the ranks of the Indonesian Navy in maintaining the sovereignty and security of Indonesian maritime territory.
Indonesia Sebagai Anggota Penuh BRICS +, Manfaat Strategisnya Bagi Perkuatan Pertahanan Matra Laut Indonesia
Indonesia's membership as a full member of BRICS+ on January 6, 2025 is expected to have a significant impact on strengthening the country's maritime defense. This article examines the strategic benefits of membership, including diversification of defense equipment sources, increased bargaining position in procurement negotiations, and access to advanced technology from member countries. By establishing closer cooperation with countries such as Russia, China, India, and United Arab Emirates, Indonesia has the potential to reduce dependence on Western countries and increase independence in defense equipment production. In addition, this membership also strengthens Indonesia's position in regional maritime security issues and provides access to wider markets and foreign investment. The results of the study indicate that BRICS+ membership can be a strategic step that can strengthen maritime defense and improve Indonesia's position in the global arena.
Perkuatan Giat Patroli Batas Wilayah Kedaulatan Indonesia Oleh Tni Angkatan Laut Dengan Mengaplikasi Teknologi Terkini
This research aims to analyze the active strengthening of border patrols of Indonesia's sovereign territory by the Indonesian Navy through the application of the latest technology, especially satellite and drone technology. Considering the vastness of Indonesia's territorial waters which reaches more than 6.32 million km², as well as complex security challenges such as law violations in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), this research uses a qualitative descriptive method to explore information related to the use of technology in maritime surveillance. Data was obtained from document analysis, operational reports, and related literature. The research results show that the application of satellite technology, such as TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1, as well as the use of aerial drones, can increase the effectiveness of the Indonesian Navy's patrols and response to maritime violations. This research provides strengthening of technological capacity and integrated monitoring systems to ensure the continuity and security of Indonesia's marine resources. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the potential and challenges of using modern technology to support maritime surveillance, as well as warrant it for national security policy.
Pandangan Tni Angkatan Laut Terhadap Batas Teritorial, Yuridiksi Negara Pantai Dan Kepulauan Berdasarkan UNCLOS I, UNCLOS II dan UNCLOS III/1982
The jurisdictional boundaries of coastal and archipelagic states are internationally determined based on UNCLOS 1982. However, in its application, there are still perceptions between several countries such as Indonesia and Palau. This is an important issue that affects bilateral relations between the two countries, especially in the context of international law. Although Indonesia and Palau both recognize UNCLOS as a guideline, there are differences in the delimitation methods used to determine the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Indonesia applies the proportionality method, while Palau uses the equidistance method, which causes overlapping maritime areas. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, collecting data through literature reviews and interviews with international legal experts. The results of the analysis show that more intensive diplomatic dialogue, reference to international law, and the option of resolving disputes through arbitration are needed to reach an agreement. In addition, bilateral cooperation in the economic and environmental fields can create a more conducive atmosphere. This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of maritime boundary issues in the Southeast Asian region and encourage peaceful and constructive resolution.
Menelaah Konflik Zona Abu-Abu (Greyzone Conflict) Di Laut China Selatan, Studi Kasus Bentrokan Patroli Maritim China Dan Philipina
The grey zone conflict in the South China Sea reflects complex geopolitical dynamics involving China's strategy of diplomacy, soft power and military modernization to strengthen its influence in the region. While these efforts are often criticized, China continues to defend its interests, including through defense reforms and the use of paramilitary tactics. The conflict triggered responses from countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam and Malaysia, which strengthened multilateral and minilateral cooperation to maintain regional stability. ASEAN and China's efforts to de-escalate tensions through the Declaration of Conduct (DoC) and Code of Conduct (CoC) demonstrate the importance of diplomacy in conflict resolution, although implementation still faces challenges. The Philippines-China relationship, which is often contentious, involves heavy influence from the United States as a major player in maintaining the strategic balance in the region. This research highlights the importance of understanding gray zone conflicts as an approach to managing disputes without open escalation. Through qualitative descriptive analysis, it explores the internal and external factors that influence the stability of the maritime region and its implications for the strategic environment of countries in the Indo-Pacific. Dialogue and negotiation efforts involving ASEAN, China and other global actors remain key in creating regional peace and stability.
Promoting regional peace and building a safe homeland together: China-ASEAN maritime security cooperation
This study examines China-ASEAN maritime security cooperation through the dual framework of achieving peace through out prosperity and security. Drawing from naval defense management expertise and Indonesia's strategic maritime perspective, this research analyzes how economic interdependence and security cooperation can simultaneously build regional stability. The analysis incorporates recent developments, including ACFTA 3.0 negotiations, Code of Conduct progress, and emerging multilateral frameworks, while addressing both traditional territorial disputes and non-traditional maritime threats. The study argues that sustainable cooperation requires balancing economic integration with strategic autonomy through strengthened institutional mechanisms that preserve ASEAN centrality.
Challenges of the National Shipbuilding Industry In Producing High-Tech Warships of the Republic Of Indonesia (KRI)
This study explores the challenges and deficiencies faced by Indonesia's domestic shipbuilding industry in producing high-tech warships, focusing on Kapal Perang Republik Indonesia (KRI). The research identifies key areas of concern such as technological dependencies, infrastructure gaps, integration challenges, and human resource deficiencies. Technological dependencies highlight the industry's reliance on foreign technology providers, limiting knowledge transfer and innovation within domestic shipyards. Infrastructure gaps encompass issues like inadequate dry docks and limited specialized equipment, leading to delays and inefficiencies in KRI production. Integration challenges arise from difficulties in integrating advanced weapon systems cohesively and ensuring interoperability without comprehensive testing facilities. Human resource deficiencies include shortages of skilled personnel, hindering KRI production and knowledge transfer opportunities from foreign shipbuilders.
Maritime Security in Southeast Asia: The Role of Information Sharing Operation Centres
According to study by Victor Huang, US Naval War College, in his paper entitled “Building MARSEC in SEA: Outsiders Not Welcome?”, he mentioned that, “such efforts as these have no impact on foreign-power rivalries or international law, and they demonstrate the ability of the littoral states to police their own waters and airspace under initiatives limited in scope and purpose”.22 While according to Rahul Mishra, a senior lecturer at the Asia – Europe Institute at the University of Malaya, Malaysia, where he heads the European studies program, he mentioned that, “amid debate on initiatives such as the Quad and AUKUS, Malaysia and Indonesia are looking for alternative security frameworks based on cooperative principles in line with ASEAN‟s aversion to notions of collective security”.23 By and large, it is the possibility for other regional power to collaborate by using the concept of “crawl, walk and run”. This may be the biggest challenges. On the other hand, these would include the initiatives to enhance the relationship in order to grows over the year from discussion or meeting, sending an observer, involvement of assets in coordinated patrol and exercise so called and perhaps, to re-look into policy for recommendations. It may or may not happen as it definitely will take times when we are looking into opportunity of other regional power, specifically to shape a new mechanism or framework or perhaps, “TCA Plus” might be other possibilities of a new MARSEC outlook in the future, particularly in the area of Eastern Sabah and Sulu-Celebes Sea.
What Actions Need to be taken to Safeguard Seafarers’ Rights?
This essay delves into the distinctive employment circumstances confronted by seafarers within the maritime industry, with a particular focus on the challenges and regulations surrounding the safeguarding of their rights. The document explores the implications of economic efficiency on the adherence of ship-owners to regulations, underscores the significance of shore leave for the well-being of seafarers, and elucidates the roles played by flag states, port states, and ship-owners in ensuring the rights of seafarers. Additionally, it addresses concerns related to non-compliance by flag of convenience states, the imperative need for independent ship inspections, and the unresolved issues pertaining to shore leave and the right to strike for seafarers. The essay concludes by putting forth recommendations to enhance the enforcement of seafarers' rights, including the establishment of an international independent body for ship inspections. It provides valuable insights into the intricacies of safeguarding the rights of seafarers within the framework of international maritime regulations and advocates for further action to address these challenges.
Enhancing ASEAN Maritime Cooperation: Peace, Stability and Balancing Interests
In terms of lessons learnt, it is clear that the economy of developing countries such as Cambodia in South-East Asia are most likely to remain dependent on regional economic integration. Therefore, any incident which happens at sea will impact supply demands, the flows and movements of goods and ultimately severely impact national economies. China’s economic boom should be viewed as an opportunity rather than a threat since China has been one of the top regional economic partners. However, the rise of China’s economy has also lead to enormous defence expenditure and posed significant concern to countries and parties to SCS disputes. The increase number of regional militaries modernisation plans and defence reforms may trigger a potential arms race in the region which could potentially escalate the SCS and the Taiwan Strait situation. Traditional maritime issues such as border issues, IUU fishing, environmental degradation, sea robbery and piracy, and existing extremist group activity remain challenges for regional security. IUU fishing has impacted severely some economies such as Indonesia, and the Philippines.
The Historical, Geopolitical, and Legal Background of The South China Sea Dispute
The South China Sea has been and will always be part of one of the most vital sea routes in the world. Its strategic location is important not only for regional states but also for extra regional maritime states. This unanimity disregards the fact that the South China Sea is an area of high tension since there are many disputes among claimant states. Many factors contributed to the creation of the South China Sea dispute. Therefore, in this article, the author will succinctly discuss the historical, geopolitical, and legal background of the South China Sea dispute. One main conclusion that can be drawn is that the dispute is a result of a complex combination of many factors that might be impossible to resolve in the near future. Instead, it seems that states should learn to live with the dispute for a long period of time.
The Implications of Aukus on Malaysia’s Strategic Environment
Malaysia, a maritime nation with continental roots, is located at the centre of SEA and is a hub for maritime trade and competition. Its economic success relies on open sea lanes and global markets. While Australia has yet to publicise itself as a maritime nation, both countries share a commonality in a multifaceted relationship, focusing on trade, defence, higher education, and cultural exchange. Despite their mutual collaboration, Malaysia and Australia confront hurdles, such as policy disagreements and establishing the AUKUS initiatives. AUKUS, a trilateral agreement between Australia, the UK, and the US, aims to integrate their defence industrial bases through two main pillars: equipping Australia with nuclear powered submarines and collaborating on technology development. The initiative emphasises democratic governance, the rule of law, and a rules-based international order, addressing regional challenges like counterterrorism and cyber threats. The comprehensive defence project, expected to cost AUD 368 billion, aims to transform Australia's defence industry. The commitment to rules-based order remains crucial in addressing international concerns of nuclear non- proliferation. The AUKUS agreement aims to establish a robust safeguards regime for HEU transferred to non-nuclear weapons states. The initiative is not a security alliance but a technology accelerator for defence, allowing the broader possibility for ASEAN countries to leverage emerging technologies for the military edge.
The Role of the Blue Economy for The Future of Indonesian Maritime DEFENSE
The blue economy concept seeks to ensure the sustainability of coastal and marine resources and environments as well as encourage economic growth in the marine and fisheries industry, considering that Indonesia is a maritime country. The concept emphasizes interconnection across sectoral activities considering their impact on marine resources and calls for an integrated management approach, including marine spatial planning to manage cross-sector trade-offs, multi-stakeholder consultation and data enhancement, natural capital accounting to determine and communicate the value of resources. natural resources, and 'blue financing'. The theory used is economic growth theory, with the methodology used being qualitative. The aim of the marine economic concept is to make the ocean the basis of national economic development. The potential of Indonesia's maritime economy is not only in national waters, but also includes jurisdictional waters and international waters which can be managed in accordance with international law. Indonesia has a very large ocean area and potential, so that regional security as an inseparable integral has huge implications for economic sovereignty by maximizing the potential of Indonesia's marine resources. For the future prosperity of Indonesia's economy in the maritime sector.
Challenges to the Future of Thailand’s Blue Economy
Each of the twelve elements of the blur economy do not have the same weight as each other. Each is scored from one to five according to the necessity to the economy. Each can be ranked as follows: tourism (4), fisheries (3), marine waste management (2), shipyard (3), aquaculture near the sea (3), energy (4), logistics (5), renewable energy from the sea (2), desalination (2), pharmaceutical industry (2), minerals under the sea (1), and ports (3). Nine challenges weigh differently, and are scored from one to five. This appears as such: Thailand’s effort to reduce the degradation of marine resources (5), increase the recruitment in the marine sector (3), its effort to reduce climate change (4), its thorough stewardship of marine resources (3), an improvement of human rights (2), reduce fossil energy use (5), efficient waste disposal (2), green port (2), and appreciation of the sea (4). Not all non-traditional threats are associated with every one of challenges, the detail can be seen in table 3. Challenges can be prioritized based on non-traditional threats by using the quantitative method derived from Bartlett’s model and arranged from the most important to least important.
Artificial Intelligence as A Game-Changer for the Indonesian Navy: Tackling The Fuel Challenge
Supporting the operational tasks and training of the Warship, sufficient fuel is the crucial things to fulfill. Nevertheless, faced with budget availability, innovation is required in order to the Indonesian Navy conduct the task successfully. One effort that can be implemented is to implement Artificial Intelligence (AI) which offering innovative solutions to optimize fuel consumption and enhance the navy's operational efficiency.
Transnational Naval Cooperation in Southeast Asia Region in Order to Maintain Safety Stability in the Waters
The problem of maritime security stability in the Southeast Asia region has been a serious issue, and this has become a common concern of countries in this region. There are some various factors are the cause of this issue and each country has made various efforts to overcome it as well as trying to cooperate each other, even though currently it is still at the level of exchanging information between them regarding the issue in question, furthermore following up with bilateral or trilateral joint coordination and exercises. The Navy, based on the mandate of international maritime law, is the enforcer of law at sea. However, the complexity of the problem plus the vastness of the regional waters requires that the Navy need to think about further steps to increase and maintain the security stability in regional waters, rather than just exchanging information or joint exercises.
maritime security stability in the Southeast Asia region