Indonesian Maritime Journal
type: channel
description: The Indonesian Maritime Journal is an academic journal maintained by the Indonesian Maritime Studies Center (IMSC), Indonesian Naval Command, and Staff College. The journal focuses on strategic, technological, and policy-related studies in maritime affairs and naval power. It covers issues such as maritime security, naval diplomacy, marine economy, maritime law, and the use of maritime technology. Key topics include: Maritime Defense Maritime security Maritime geopolitics and strategy Technology and innovation in the maritime industry International cooperation in maritime affairs Maritime regulations and policies Other related topics The purpose of the Indonesian Maritime Journal is generally to: 1. Provide a Platform for Scientific Publications. Publish research findings, strategic studies, and innovations related to maritime affairs. 2. Enhance Understanding of Maritime Issues. Discuss maritime security, maritime law, marine economy, ship technology, and maritime defense strategies. 3. Support Policy-Making. Serve as a scientific reference for policymakers in the maritime sector at both national and international levels. 4. Encourage Collaboration and Scientific Discussion. Connect academics, practitioners, and maritime stakeholders to share insights and solutions for maritime challenges. 5. Promote Indonesia’s Maritime Excellence. Highlight Indonesia’s role as a maritime nation.
publisher: Pusjianmar Publishing
language: en
publication name: Indonesian Maritime Journal
issn: 2338-6185
items: Securing The Seabed: Australia’s Strategic Choices In Deep-Sea Mining
items: Climate-Security Nexus: Enso-Driven Rainfall Variability And Maritime Security Vulnerability In Indonesian Strategic Waters
items: Maritime Insecurity: Lessons From Three Global Flashpoints
items: Building A Comprehensive Australia-Asean Maritime Partnership In A Changing Indo-Pacific Order
items: Menjawab Ancaman Hibrida Model Tata Kelola Sishankamrata Untuk Membangun Keamanan Maritim Nasional Yang Terintegrasi
items: Transformasi Keamanan Maritim Adaptif Melalui Inovasi Teknologi Kuantum Dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Global
items: Implementasi Kerangka Kerja Regulasi Keamanan Siber Untuk Kapal Otonom (Mass) Guna Mengantisipasi Risiko Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Pelayaran Masa Depan Dalam Pertahanan Negara Di Laut
items: Naval Deterrence Patrol Diperkuat Network Centric Warfare Sebagai Strategi Adaptif Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Globalisasi
items: Dari Laut Menuju Kekuatan Dunia: Membangun Keamanan Maritim Adaptif Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Prabowo Subianto
items: Melampaui Kecepatan Mesin: Adaptasi ROE Dan Sinergitas Di Era Perang Atribusi Artificial Intelligent
items: Diplomasi Pertahanan Maritim Indonesia: Implementasi White Hull Diplomacy Dalam Mengelola Grey Zone Di Laut Natuna Utara
items: Nilai Strategis Poros Penggerak Listrik Terintegrasi Bagi Kri Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Operasi Keamanan Laut Nusantara
items: Konflik Laut Merah Dan Pelajaran Untuk Perkuatan Pertahanan Laut Nusantara
items: Ancaman Kedaulatan Di Laut, Dan Upaya Perkuatan Pertahanan Negara Melalui Konsep Pertahanan Litoral Serta Kesiapan Indonesia Atasnya
items: Smart Defense Dan Dual Strategy - Aplikasinya Terhadap Upaya Pertahanan Laut Nusantara Di Sekitar ALKI I
items: Nilai Strategis Frigate Brawijaya Class Bagi Penegakkan Kedaulatan Negara Di Laut Dan Komparasinya Dengan Fregat Lain Di Kawasan
items: Sistem Pengawasan Maritim Terintegrasi Demi Terjamin Kedaulatan Negara
items: Benteng Nusantara: Postur Peperangan Litoral TNI Angkatan Laut
items: Inovasi CSBM Maritim Dalam Menjawab Tantangan Keamanan Regional Asia Tenggara
items: Strategic Frontiers: Maritime Infrastructure, Interoperability, And The Australia Indonesia Security Nexus
items: Contemporary Maritime Piracy In Southeast Asia: An Australian Perspective
items: PRC and USA In Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
items: Together Stronger? Int Errogating Australia’s Hadr Cooperation With Indonesia In An Era Of Proliferating Natural Disasters
items: Learning Experience At The Indonesian Naval Command And Staff College (Seskoal): Officers' Perspectives In Facing Operational And Strategic Maritime Security Challenges
items: Pertahanan Litoral Dihadapkan Pada Keberadaan Alki Yang Membelah Di Tengah Gugus Kepulauan Indonesia
items: Studi Komparatif Kesenjataan Kaliber 12,7 MM Hingga 30 MM, Untuk Memperkuat Kapal Patroli TNI AL Dalam Menegakkan Keamanan Laut Nusantara
items: Indonesia Sebagai Anggota Penuh BRICS +, Manfaat Strategisnya Bagi Perkuatan Pertahanan Matra Laut Indonesia
items: Perkuatan Giat Patroli Batas Wilayah Kedaulatan Indonesia Oleh Tni Angkatan Laut Dengan Mengaplikasi Teknologi Terkini
items: Pandangan Tni Angkatan Laut Terhadap Batas Teritorial, Yuridiksi Negara Pantai Dan Kepulauan Berdasarkan UNCLOS I, UNCLOS II dan UNCLOS III/1982
items: Menelaah Konflik Zona Abu-Abu (Greyzone Conflict) Di Laut China Selatan, Studi Kasus Bentrokan Patroli Maritim China Dan Philipina

Securing The Seabed: Australia’s Strategic Choices In Deep-Sea Mining
type: item
description: Deep-sea mining is accelerating from speculative ambition to strategic reality, carrying profound implications for Australia’s security, economy, and influence in the Pacific. With an estimated 8 to 20 trillion USD in critical minerals underpinning global decarbonisation, competition for the seabed is intensifying while legal uncertainty, environmental risk, and foreign-state ambitions threaten to reshape maritime power balances. For a nation whose prosperity relies on secure sea lanes and a stable rules-based order, these emerging pressures cannot be ignored. This report assesses how developments in deep-sea mining intersect with Australia’s defence interests across environmental, legal, and geostrategic dimensions. It contends that Australia must reinforce international law, monitor Pacific Island states’ interest in deep-sea mining, and be ready to respond if maritime Australia has an opportunity to be a regional leader in sustainable and legally compliant deep-sea mining, but it must first understand the dynamics and complex issues playing out in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: Deep-sea mining
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic reality
  topic: keywords
subject: Decarbonisation
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Emerging pressures
  topic: keywords
creator: Tom Mitev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 28
ending page: 28
doi: 10.52307/h3kma464

Climate-Security Nexus: Enso-Driven Rainfall Variability And Maritime Security Vulnerability In Indonesian Strategic Waters
type: item
description: Indonesia's strategic maritime zones face escalating security challenges exacerbated by climate variability. This study examines the relationship between El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven precipitation variability and maritime security vulnerabilities across five critical Indonesian maritime zones over a 27-year period (2000-2024). Using GPM IMERG satellite precipitation data and Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) records, we analyzed 324 monthly observations to quantify ENSO-rainfall correlations and assess security implications. Results reveal significant negative correlations between ONI and rainfall in Sulawesi Sea (r = -0.553, p < 0.001), Maluku Waters (r = -0.494, p < 0.001), and Makassar Strait (r = -0.424, p < 0.001). El Niño events correspond to 14-42% rainfall deficits, while La Niña phases show 16-35% increases relative to normal conditions. Integrated vulnerability assessment combining ENSO sensitivity (40%), rainfall variability (30%), and baseline security threats (30%) identifies Sulawesi Sea (composite index: 75.0) and Maluku Waters (67.8) as critical priority zones. The study demonstrates that El Niño induced droughts correlate with increased livelihood stress among coastal communities, potentially elevating recruitment vulnerability for piracy and maritime terrorism. Conversely, La Niña-associated extreme rainfall reduces patrol visibility and operational capacity. We propose an ENSO-linked early warning system integrating 3-6 month ONI forecasts with dynamic security deployment protocols. Implementation of climate-adaptive maritime security frameworks could enhance operational effectiveness by 25-40% during extreme ENSO events, representing a paradigm shift toward predictive threat management in the Anthropocene.
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: ENSO
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime security
  topic: keywords
subject: precipitation variability
  topic: keywords
subject: Earli Warning systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Jogi Panggabean, dkk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 24
ending page: 24
doi: 10.52307/rc0jjb05

Maritime Insecurity: Lessons From Three Global Flashpoints
type: item
description: Across these three case studies – The Red Sea, the Somalian Coast and the Ukraine-Russian war in the Black Sea – we have identified five major factors that have compromised maritime security. We are more likely to see maritime insecurity in areas where there is a past history of problems, where there is weak or divided state enforcement capabilities and where malign actors can secure maximum leverage at maritime chokepoints. Areas of concern tend to multiply with negative affects spilling over into adjacent regions. Finally, and we suggested that this is perhaps the most important factor, all specific local and regional issues are exacerbated and often overtaken altogether by war at sea. The next step in this research is to apply these five general characteristics of maritime insecurity built from the analysis of the case studies to our own region, the Indo-Pacific. Can we identify areas of concern and particular sites where there is an intense concentration of maritime insecurity? That will be subject of our next article.
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: Maritime security
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime insecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Chokepoints
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Issues
  topic: keywords
creator: Erik Eklund, Elena Butova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 17
ending page: 17
doi: 10.52307/1hem3y40

Building A Comprehensive Australia-Asean Maritime Partnership In A Changing Indo-Pacific Order
type: item
description: The Australia-ASEAN maritime partnership faces both practical opportunities and strategic tensions. This paper analyzes maritime security cooperation following the 2024 ASEAN Australia Special Summit, using a 'role conflict' framework to assess how Australia balances its 'middle power' support for ASEAN multilateralism with its 'minilateral ally' posture (AUKUS, Quad). From an ASEAN-centric, Indonesian naval practitioner's perspective, it examines three pillars: (1) the Blue Economy foundation; (2) the security spectrum from Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing to naval interoperability; and (3) the institutional challenge AUKUS poses to ASEAN Centrality. This 'role conflict' framework explains Australia's strategic behaviour as an attempt to use 'middle power' engagement to mitigate the diplomatic friction caused by its 'minilateral ally' posture. The paper argues Australia's strategy to manage this 'role conflict' (using 'middle power' funding to offset 'minilateral ally' friction) is viable but tenuous. Partnership resilience will be determined not by high-end naval ('grey-hull') cooperation, fractured by AUKUS, but by foundational trust built through civilian law enforcement ('white-hull') and scientific ('blue') channels. While AUKUS creates friction, new initiatives like the AUD $64 million Southeast Asia Maritime Partnerships Initiative offer crucial confidence-building pathways. The paper concludes with policy recommendations focused on 'white-hull' over 'grey-hull' cooperation, including tailored capacity-building and a formal Track 1.5 dialogue, to ensure the partnership strengthens, not undermines, the ASEAN-led regional architecture.
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Australia-ASEAN
  topic: keywords
subject: ASEAN Centrality
  topic: keywords
subject: AUKUS
  topic: keywords
subject: Indo-Pacific
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle Power
  topic: keywords
creator: Salim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 21
ending page: 21
doi: 10.52307/hq0aac80

Menjawab Ancaman Hibrida Model Tata Kelola Sishankamrata Untuk Membangun Keamanan Maritim Nasional Yang Terintegrasi
type: item
description: In facing hybrid threats in the era of globalization, Indonesia confronts fundamental maritime security challenges. The ambiguous and multidimensional nature of these threats is deliberately designed to exploit gaps in inter-agency governance, which remain sectoral in nature. This paper argues that the solution to building national maritime security does not lie in creating new doctrines, but rather in revitalizing the implementation of Sishankamrata, which is Indonesia's authentic Whole-of-Society framework. Employing qualitative content analysis of the National Defense Doctrine as primary data, this study analyzes the fundamental gaps between the doctrinal mandates—placing ministries and agencies as key elements in addressing non-military threats—and overlapping operational practices, evidenced by the case study of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing (IUUF) in the Natuna Sea. The momentum of reorganizing the Indonesian Navy through the establishment of Kodaeral should be leveraged to bridge these gaps. The innovative solution proposed is to operationalize Kodaeral as an enabler of OMSP (Military Operations Other Than War), functioning as a facilitator of governance to orchestrate all primary elements (ministries and agencies) and supporting components (private sector/community) within an integrated modern guerrilla base.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid threats
  topic: keywords
subject: Sishankamrata
  topic: keywords
subject: Security Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Kodaeral
  topic: keywords
creator: Wibi Lungidradityo,dkk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.52307/w62h4135

Transformasi Keamanan Maritim Adaptif Melalui Inovasi Teknologi Kuantum Dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Global
type: item
description: This research analyzes the paradigm shift in maritime security driven by two main trends: the escalation of hybrid threats and the maturity of quantum technology. The analysis reveals that modern hybrid threats exploit fundamental vulnerabilities, including ambiguity in detection, attribution, and law, which creates conditions of "sea blindness," as well as cybersecurity vulnerabilities in increasingly integrated digital and navigational infrastructure. The key finding of this study is that quantum technology offers symmetric and fundamental countermeasures to these vulnerabilities. Quantum sensors, including atom interferometer based PNT, NV-center-based precision magnetometry, and Distributed Quantum Sensing (DQS) networks, provide high transparency and precise measurement. This directly diminishes ambiguities, addresses "sea blindness," and alters the strategic calculus of hybrid actors by eliminating plausible deniability. Additionally, quantum communication, particularly Underwater QKD (UQKD), offers absolute security for critical data links, enhancing the resilience of Critical Maritime Infrastructure (CMI) and sensor architecture against cyber interception and manipulation. The synthesis of precision sensors, secure communication, and AI-based data fusion forms the foundation for a new "adaptive maritime security architecture." This architecture is proactive, resilient, and capable of operating independently of vulnerable external infrastructure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quantum technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Modern hybrid threat
  topic: keywords
subject: sea blindness
  topic: keywords
subject: quantum communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Dimas Gading
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 13
ending page: 13
doi: 10.52307/a98scw89

Implementasi Kerangka Kerja Regulasi Keamanan Siber Untuk Kapal Otonom (Mass) Guna Mengantisipasi Risiko Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Pelayaran Masa Depan Dalam Pertahanan Negara Di Laut
type: item
description: The advancement of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) technology is not merely an option but a certainty that will transform the global maritime industry. However, despite offering efficiency, MASS also faces serious security vulnerabilities due to its reliance on complex digital systems, making it susceptible to hybrid threats. Cyberattacks can result in physical damage, economic disruption, and pose a threat to national sovereignty. Analysis indicates that the existing maritime regulatory framework is insufficient to address these challenges. Therefore, Indonesia needs to develop a cybersecurity regulatory model based on four pillars: (1) standardization of secure technology from the design stage; (2) operational regulations and human resource competency development; (3) collaboration in threat information sharing; and (4) law enforcement measures that create a deterrent effect. The implementation of this framework is not only technical but also strategic, aimed at ensuring that Indonesia can leverage autonomous technologies without compromising its security and sovereignty as the World Maritime Axis. By confronting the evolving landscape of cyber threats, Indonesia can transform from a reactive participant into a pioneer in secure and resilient autonomous maritime operations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hybrid threat
  topic: keywords
subject: maritime regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: cyber security regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: autonomous maritime operations
  topic: keywords
creator: Arif Badrudin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 15
ending page: 15
doi: 10.52307/xr9zan04

Naval Deterrence Patrol Diperkuat Network Centric Warfare Sebagai Strategi Adaptif Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Globalisasi
type: item
description: Naval Deterrence Patrol (NDP) enhanced by Network Centric Warfare (NCW) is one of the adaptive strategies to address hybrid threats in Indonesia's maritime region. Utilizing a qualitative approach through comprehensive literature studies, this research explores the key elements of NDP: denial deterrence, credibility & resolve, and punishment deterrence. NCW is identified as a force multiplier for NDP, creating a real-time Common Operational Picture (COP) that enhances situational awareness, command speed, and inter-agency coordination. However, the application of this concept faces several challenges that require comprehensive measures. Strategic recommendations include investment in NCW infrastructure, cyber-resilient training, shared COP platforms, and revisions to the Sishankamrata doctrine. The integration of NDP and NCW has the potential to transform Indonesia's maritime security, shifting from a physical presence to a "smart presence" that proactively counters the spectrum of hybrid threats.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Network Centric Warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid threat
  topic: keywords
subject: Network Centris warfare
  topic: keywords
creator: Jarot Wicaksono
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 15
ending page: 15
doi: 10.52307/1fscaj69

Dari Laut Menuju Kekuatan Dunia: Membangun Keamanan Maritim Adaptif Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Prabowo Subianto
type: item
description: Indonesia, as the largest archipelagic nation in the world, faces an increasingly complex spectrum of maritime threats, particularly in the form of hybrid threats that are unconventional, coordinated, and cross-domain. This article analyzes Indonesia's adaptive maritime security development strategies through a synergistic approach involving military capabilities (Indonesian Navy), academic capacities (National Defense Institute/Maritime Security Research Center), and fiscal and industrial support (government and defense industry). Through a review of literature and current policies, it is found that the modernization of defense equipment, integration of maritime information systems, enhancement of strategic research capacity, and progressive fiscal policies are the main foundations for strengthening Indonesia's deterrence against maritime threats. This study recommends the establishment of a maritime hybrid threat command center, expedited technology transfer in the maritime defense industry, and public communication strategies to counter disinformation. The overall analysis shows that the success of Indonesia's maritime defense depends on adaptive, collaborative, and knowledge-based responses within the framework of the national geostrategy under Prabowo Subianto's leadership.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime security
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrida threat
  topic: keywords
subject: TNI AL
  topic: keywords
subject: Seskoal
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive sea defense
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmud Ridho Ardi M. Imam Chadhafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 14
ending page: 14
doi: 10.52307/5d5q6906

Melampaui Kecepatan Mesin: Adaptasi ROE Dan Sinergitas Di Era Perang Atribusi Artificial Intelligent
type: item
description: In the modern era, challenges related to attribution, proportionality, and jurisdiction have become increasingly complex, necessitating strategic measures. First, supply chain and cyber attacks complicate attribution, rendering the rules of engagement (ROE) irrelevant. Second, non-kinetic attacks, such as GNSS spoofing, create strategic impacts without legitimate options for kinetic response. Third, attacks on dual-use infrastructure exploit gaps between military and civilian jurisdictions. To address these threats, improvements in ROE are needed with a focus on effects. Each verified attack should be considered a Hostile Act, activating defensive responses. The establishment of an Intel-Legal Fusion Cell is also crucial for enhancing early warning systems and decision-making related to hybrid threats.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: supply chain attack
  topic: keywords
subject: non-kinetic attack
  topic: keywords
subject: dual-use infrasturcture
  topic: keywords
creator: M. Imam Chadhafi, Efatha Filomeno Borromeu Duarte
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.52307/te186j70

Diplomasi Pertahanan Maritim Indonesia: Implementasi White Hull Diplomacy Dalam Mengelola Grey Zone Di Laut Natuna Utara
type: item
description: This study examines Indonesia’s implementation of white hull diplomacy to manage grey zone dynamics in the North Natuna Sea, positioning the Navy as the strategic enabler behind civilian maritime law-enforcement (Bakamla/Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries). A qualitative literature review of policy documents and accredited academic sources was employed. The analytical framework draws on neorealism (state rationality and self-help), maritime security theory (multidimensional governance of law, economy, defense, and diplomacy), and the nested concepts of maritime diplomacy, defense diplomacy, and their synthesis maritime defense diplomacy emphasizing deterrence without escalation. Findings indicate that the effectiveness of white hull diplomacy depends on a layered defense architecture orchestrated by the Navy: Maritime Domain Awareness for detection and cueing; hydrographic and lawfare support to strengthen legal legitimacy under UNCLOS; and over-the-horizon naval presence to sustain latent deterrence. This “data–enforcement diplomacy” chain validates actions within the EEZ, preserves diplomatic space, reduces escalation risks, and enhances Indonesia’s legal standing. Policy implications include tighter information-operational integration among the Navy–Bakamla–KKP, sustained investment in MDA and evidentiary capacity, and consistent regional/multilateral diplomacy to buttress norms at sea. Accordingly, Indonesia’s maritime strength is assessed by its ability to orchestrate law, diplomacy, and defense rather than by the quantity of grey-hull assets.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: White hull Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime defense diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesian Navy
  topic: keywords
subject: Gray zone
  topic: keywords
subject: North Natuna Sea
  topic: keywords
creator: Nia Norlyanti Nia Norlyanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2026-01-12
publication date: 2026-01-12
starting page: 11
ending page: 11
doi: 10.52307/7qpphy90

Nilai Strategis Poros Penggerak Listrik Terintegrasi Bagi Kri Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Operasi Keamanan Laut Nusantara
type: item
description: Integrated electric drive shafts are being adopted by various naval forces of superpower countries to enhance the effectiveness of their operations. This study discusses the strategic value of implementing an integrated electric propulsion system on Indonesian Navy Ships to enhance maritime security operational capabilities in the archipelago. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis methods, data were collected through literature studies, interviews, and direct observations. The results indicate that the integrated electric propulsion system offers various advantages, including energy efficiency, noise reduction, and improved maneuverability, all of which contribute to the effectiveness of maritime security missions. However, challenges related to investment costs and maintenance are significant factors that need to be addressed. This research recommends a thorough analysis of cost-benefit considerations and strategies to overcome obstacles in the implementation of this technology, thereby strengthening Indonesia's position as a formidable maritime power.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesian Navy Ships
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrated Electric Propulsion
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonathan Setia seskoal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.52307/zpfj6213

Konflik Laut Merah Dan Pelajaran Untuk Perkuatan Pertahanan Laut Nusantara
type: item
description: The Houthi group, which controls Yemen, has imposed a blockade in the Red Sea against ships flying the flags of certain countries, prompting the UN Security Council to issue a resolution. This resolution has become a basis for the United States and several other countries to begin attacking the Houthi group, escalating the situation in the Red Sea. This research discusses the conflict in the Red Sea and the lessons that can be learned to strengthen the maritime defense of the Indonesia’s. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis methods, data was collected through literature studies. The conflict involving the Houthi Group in Yemen highlights the importance of mastering modern defense technologies, such as ballistic missiles and drones, when facing larger powers. The research findings identify the significance of self-reliance in strengthening defense systems, alongside the necessity for Indonesia to continuously foster international cooperation. Ultimately, this study aims to provide recommendations for Indonesia to enhance its maritime defense capacity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime security
  topic: keywords
subject: Houthi group
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime defence
  topic: keywords
creator: Sunarto Eko Wahyudi seskoal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.52307/d3sgf447

Ancaman Kedaulatan Di Laut, Dan Upaya Perkuatan Pertahanan Negara Melalui Konsep Pertahanan Litoral Serta Kesiapan Indonesia Atasnya
type: item
description: As an archipelagic country, Indonesia faces challenges in determining maritime boundaries that have not yet been fully resolved. This uncertainty has led to the emergence of various threats, both traditional and non-traditional in nature. Based on this, various efforts to strengthen national defense have become crucial, including the implementation of the concept of littoral defense. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the current situation and Indonesia's readiness to apply the concept of littoral defense. The results indicate that although Indonesia possesses significant defense potential, the integration among the branches of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and the development of effective emergency response procedures are key components in the littoral defense concept to safeguard the nation's sovereignty across all borders, including in maritime areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Littoral defence
  topic: keywords
subject: Emergency Response Procedures, and National Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
creator: Theodorus Wenang Hantono Wibowo seskoal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.52307/4wp0vk97

Smart Defense Dan Dual Strategy - Aplikasinya Terhadap Upaya Pertahanan Laut Nusantara Di Sekitar ALKI I
type: item
description: The application of the Smart Defense and Dual Strategy concepts in Indonesia's maritime defense efforts, particularly around the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane (ALKI) I, serves as an alternative method to enhance defense capabilities in the region. ALKI I is a strategic route that connects various international waters and is susceptible to various threats, including unilateral claims by other countries and illegal activities. By integrating advanced technology in maritime defense and empowering local wisdom, Smart Defense aims to improve surveillance and security in ALKI I. Meanwhile, the Dual Strategy emphasizes the importance of defense diplomacy and the development of the Indonesian Navy's capabilities to maintain national sovereignty. This research employs a literature study method to analyze the geostrategic context and challenges faced by Indonesia, as well as to formulate recommendations for the implementation of both concepts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ALKI I
  topic: keywords
subject: Dual strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart defence
  topic: keywords
creator: Luthfi Kurniady Santoso seskoal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.52307/rq72f188

Nilai Strategis Frigate Brawijaya Class Bagi Penegakkan Kedaulatan Negara Di Laut Dan Komparasinya Dengan Fregat Lain Di Kawasan
type: item
description: The Frigate Brawijaya Class holds strategic value for the enforcement of state sovereignty at sea. This vessel, which is part of the Frigate European Multi-Mission (FREMM) family, has just joined the Escort Squadron of the II Fleet on September 10, 2025. In this research, the researcher conducted a comparison with frigates owned by countries in the Southeast Asian and Southwest Pacific regions. The research method used is a SWOT analysis to compare the aspects of combat capability, modernity, range, and self-defense systems of KRI Brawijaya-320 and other frigates in the region. The results show that the Mogami frigate from Australia has the highest superiority among the compared vessels, while KRI Brawijaya-320 shows good potential with modern technology and solid combat capability, although it still has limitations in range. Efforts to improve the capabilities and modernization of these vessels will be very important for each country in facing the challenges of maritime security in the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brawijaya Class
  topic: keywords
subject: State Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Capability Potential
  topic: keywords
creator: Remon Pinem seskoal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.52307/n2226366

Sistem Pengawasan Maritim Terintegrasi Demi Terjamin Kedaulatan Negara
type: item
description: The integrated maritime surveillance system in Indonesia is essential for maintaining national sovereignty as the largest archipelagic country in the world. In this context, the roles of the Indonesian Navy, the Indonesian Air Force, and the Indonesian Army are crucial in monitoring vast maritime areas, especially in facing various threats such as smuggling, resource theft, boundary violations, and maritime terrorism. The research method employed is a qualitative approach, utilizing document analysis and direct observation at strategic locations. The findings indicate that despite the availability of various monitoring tools, challenges remain in terms of coverage and surveillance capacity. The synergy among the three branches of the armed forces, along with the development of monitoring technologies and improved communication systems, is key to enhancing the effectiveness of maritime surveillance. By involving the community in surveillance efforts, it is hoped that this system can be more responsive to existing threats, thereby ensuring the sovereignty and maritime security of Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: National Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Surveilance
  topic: keywords
creator: Jarot Wicaksono seskoal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 11
ending page: 11
doi: 10.52307/1bmcvk79

Benteng Nusantara: Postur Peperangan Litoral TNI Angkatan Laut
type: item
description: As the largest archipelagic nation in the world, Indonesia faces unique and massive maritime defence challenges. With the global strategic focus shifting from blue-water naval combat to complex littoral warfare, the posture and capabilities of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) become crucial for national security and regional stability. This article analyses the evolution of TNI AL's littoral warfare capabilities within the framework of long-term defence posture projections for 2025-2045. Utilizing the ideal-type naval framework of "Type A" (Small Coastal Navy) and "Type B" (Superpower Navy) developed by Bergström and Parrat, this article posits the central thesis that TNI AL is building a unique hybrid posture, defined as "Nusantara Fortress" or "Type A+". This model is fundamentally rooted in the principles of sea denial from Type A navies but is strategically enhanced with limited and calibrated power projection capabilities focused on the archipelagic domain. The "Type A+" posture represents a pragmatic and sophisticated response to Indonesia's geography, doctrinal legacy, and persistent fiscal realities. This analysis deconstructs the key components of this posture, ranging from coastal defence systems, underwater warfare, to amphibious capabilities and the integration of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), to demonstrate how TNI AL has not evolved linearly toward a blue-water navy status but rather toward a specialized and optimized form for archipelagic warfare. In conclusion, the "Nusantara Fortress" model offers a new archetype for understanding the naval strategies of major archipelagic nations in the 21st century, acting as a regional stabilizing force by increasing the intervention costs for any external powers without posing an offensive threat to its neighbouring countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Littoral warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: TNI AL Defence Posture 2025-2045
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Maritime Axis
  topic: keywords
subject: Nusantara Fortress
  topic: keywords
subject: Sea Denial
  topic: keywords
creator: Dickry Rizanny Nurdiansyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 17
ending page: 17
doi: 10.52307/wzs36n30

Inovasi CSBM Maritim Dalam Menjawab Tantangan Keamanan Regional Asia Tenggara
type: item
description: This paper explores innovations in maritime Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBMs) as a strategic response to evolving regional security challenges in Southeast Asia. The study draws upon the author’s participation in the “New Maritime CSBMs in Southeast Asia” workshop organized by the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), complemented by an analysis of contemporary threats such as grey-zone operations, overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claims, and gaps in Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). It proposes a next-generation maritime CSBM framework built upon three core pillars: (1) real-time verification of maritime activities utilizing Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT); (2) a multilateral maritime crisis protocol incorporating standardized hotline and table-top exercises (TTX); and (3) a measurable Risk Reduction Measures (RRM) framework including coercive patrol boundary mapping and military activity exclusion zones. The proposed implementation roadmap (2025–2027) includes establishing a joint risk assessment team, capacity-building initiatives, and a regional satellite imagery-sharing consortium. The findings highlight that the synergy between verification technologies and preventive diplomacy can significantly reduce close-quarters incidents and enhance the resilience of regional maritime security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Southeast
  topic: keywords
subject: CSBM
  topic: keywords
subject: Defence Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology Innovation
  topic: keywords
creator: Surya Wiranto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 22
ending page: 22
doi: 10.52307/f74re478

Strategic Frontiers: Maritime Infrastructure, Interoperability, And The Australia Indonesia Security Nexus
type: item
description: The recalibration of Australia’s 83 archipelago, places immense operational strategic posture, as articulated in the 2023 Defence Strategic Review (DSR), marks a decisive inflection point in its maritime defence orientation. While framed largely in terms of deterrence and strategic denial, this transformation carries broader implications for regional diplomacy and multilateral security cooperation particularly in relation to Indonesia, Australia’s closest maritime neighbour and a critical Indo-Pacific actor. Australia’s renewed emphasis on its northern defence infrastructure not only reflects a growing concern with the encroachment of major powers in its immediate region but also gestures towards a potential reimagining of maritime partnerships through deeper interoperability capability building.
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: strategic posture
  topic: keywords
subject: deterrence and strategic denial
  topic: keywords
subject: multilateral security cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Nathan Streher
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 5
ending page: 5
doi: 10.52307/a4prs127

Contemporary Maritime Piracy In Southeast Asia: An Australian Perspective
type: item
description: Maritime piracy remains an endemic problem in Southeast Asia. Piracy in the region poses immediate threats to maritime freight alongside far-reaching indirect threats to global trade and regional stability. Australia finds itself particularly vulnerable to regional trade disruptions, facing a combination of unavoidable geographic factors and underprepared local infrastructure. Since the early 2000s, multilateral efforts to strengthened combat regional piracy have counter-piracy capabilities through coordinated deployments of maritime force and the consolidation of information sharing efforts. Australia must seek to include increased counter-piracy cooperation in its commitment to strengthen defence and economic partnerships with the nations of Southeast Asia. Maritime piracy will continue to pose a challenge to the stability of trade in the world‟s busiest sea lanes, but with continued multilateral cooperation, the strengthening of information sharing and joint security initiatives, and increased resourcing of local maritime law enforcement agencies, this escalating issue can be controlled.
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: Maritime piracy
  topic: keywords
subject: maritime freight
  topic: keywords
subject: counter-piracy cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Benjamin English
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 17
ending page: 17

PRC and USA In Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
type: item
description: The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) entitles coastal States to sovereign rights in their exclusive economic zones (EEZ). An EEZ is a maritime zone in a coastal state where a state can exclusively manage its economic activities. As the largest archipelagic country in the world, Indonesia has a strategic interest in maritime security in its EEZ, which will significantly influence national security; for example, Indonesia's EEZ in the north is the South China Sea. There are no clear rules about military and paramilitary activities in the EEZ, leading countries such as the People‟s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) to frequently conduct such activities without notifying Coastal States like Indonesia. This practice violates Indonesia‟s Sovereign Rights in EEZ and poses a risk of infringing upon Indonesia‟s Sovereignty in Territorial and Archipelagic Waters. This paper will examine whether and how Indonesia should negotiate a new international agreement that specifically regulates military and paramilitary activities by a foreign navy in the EEZ to fill the gap identified. It will assess the factors, potential terms, and viability of such a new agreement, including comparing military and paramilitary activities conducted by the PRC and the USA. One of the advantages of this contrastive approach is the comparison of the use of instrumental powers by the PRC and the USA. This paper is essential because Indonesia has a common interest with most countries: a desire for peaceful and secure sea lanes and sovereign territorial waters in a reliably well-ordered maritime environment. Indonesia opposes any country exploiting Indonesia‟s waters solely for their national interest; as a non-aligned nation, Indonesia has a vested interest in maintaining positive bilateral relations with both the PRC and the USA. Therefore, only peaceful negotiations conducted through diplomatic means can result in new, enforceable terms for tra…
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: EEZ
  topic: keywords
subject: Coastal States
  topic: keywords
subject: territorial waters
  topic: keywords
creator: Rasyid Al Hafiz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 29
ending page: 29

Together Stronger? Int Errogating Australia’s Hadr Cooperation With Indonesia In An Era Of Proliferating Natural Disasters
type: item
description: Natural disasters are striking more often with greater frequency and intensity across the Indo-Pacific region. This paper argues that Australia has a moral responsibility to step up its provision of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) and can do so with the support of strategic partners. It should do so only while cognisant of priorities outlined by the Defence Strategic Review (2023). By focusing on increasing cooperative activities specifically on HADR, Australia and Indonesia can together save more lives when natural disasters occur in the Indo-Pacific while gaining strategic dividends of building trust between each other‘s militaries and strengthening their diplomatic relationship. Cooperation in HADR operations and increasing the number of HADR training exercises will serve to improve military-to-military relations, increase interoperability and build social capital, all three simultaneously reinforcing the strength of diplomatic relations. This paper make two recommendations: that the Australian and Indonesian militaries continue enhancing defence cooperation with a focus on HADR collaboration and that the ADF increase its focus on participating in HADR training exercises with regional partners. As geographic neighbours facing the transnational burden of HADR, now is the time to invest in cooperation.
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: Natural disasters
  topic: keywords
subject: HADR
  topic: keywords
subject: HADR collaboration
  topic: keywords
creator: Mackenzie Hildebrand
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 24
ending page: 24

Learning Experience At The Indonesian Naval Command And Staff College (Seskoal): Officers' Perspectives In Facing Operational And Strategic Maritime Security Challenges
type: item
description: This phenomenological research aims to explore and understand the essence of the learning experiences of officer students at the Indonesian Naval Command and Staff College (Seskoal) and how these experiences shape their perspectives in facing operational and strategic maritime security challenges. Employing Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenological approach, this study delves deeply into the lived experiences of officer students through in-depth interviews. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis methods with the aid of NVivo software, focusing on the identification of meaning units and reduction to uncover essential themes. The research findings reveal the invariant structure of the learning experience at Seskoal, which includes the intensity of engagement, significant learning moments, challenges encountered, and perceptions of methods and curriculum. Furthermore, this study highlights how these aspects of experience are interconnected in shaping officer students' perspectives on the complexities of maritime security, including the development of strategic analysis skills, increased sense of preparedness, and internalization of relevant mindsets. The findings of this research provide profound insights into the formative process of education at Seskoal from the perspective of officer students and its implications for their readiness in addressing future maritime security challenges. This study recommends the development of interactive learning methods and a relevant curriculum to optimize the formation of officer students' perspectives
subject: Nusantara Maritime
  topic: section
subject: Learning experiences
  topic: keywords
subject: transcendental phenomenological approach
  topic: keywords
subject: in-depth interviews
  topic: keywords
subject: invariant structure
  topic: keywords
creator: Salim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.52307/rk7j8q17

Pertahanan Litoral Dihadapkan Pada Keberadaan Alki Yang Membelah Di Tengah Gugus Kepulauan Indonesia
type: item
description: The concept of littoral defense is understood as a series of defense operations that focus on managing the waters around the coastal area, where land power can influence the maritime situation. With a significant area of waters, Indonesia is faced with security challenges due to the increasing intensity of foreign ship voyages through ALKI, which has the potential to disrupt the sovereignty and stability of state security. Using a qualitative approach with an analysis of various laws and regulations and related scientific sources. The findings show that strengthening the TNI's capabilities, integration between dimensions, and increasing public awareness of the importance of maritime security are key strategies in dealing with emerging threats. This study recommends the development of a rapid detection and response system and collaboration between the Government, TNI, and the community to create a safe maritime environment. Through a comprehensive and responsive strategy, Indonesia can maintain the sovereignty and security of its maritime territory, while contributing to regional security stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ALKI
  topic: keywords
subject: State sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Littoral defence
  topic: keywords
creator: Juliherman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 17
ending page: 17

Studi Komparatif Kesenjataan Kaliber 12,7 MM Hingga 30 MM, Untuk Memperkuat Kapal Patroli TNI AL Dalam Menegakkan Keamanan Laut Nusantara
type: item
description: This comparative study analyzes 12.7 mm to 30 mm caliber weapons to strengthen the Indonesian Navy patrol ships in enforcing the security of the Indonesian seas. With the increasing violation of territory by foreign ships, the importance of an effective weapon system is becoming increasingly urgent. Through qualitative methods and SWOT analysis, this study compares several types of heavy machine guns (HMG) in different calibers. The results show that the M2HB Browning (12.7 mm) has the highest score for the 12.7 mm caliber HMG when compared to other products including the SM-5. However, the development of the SM-5 as a local product remains important for the independence of the domestic Strategic Defense Industry. The 20 mm caliber HMG, especially Rheinmetall, shows advantages in destructive power and flexibility, while the Oerlikon twin cannon CGM-B01 (30 mm) offers reliability and good logistical support. The conclusion of this study confirms that strengthening weapons in calibers of 12.7 mm to 30 mm on patrol ships belonging to the Indonesian Navy is very necessary to increase the effectiveness of patrol elements in the ranks of the Indonesian Navy in maintaining the sovereignty and security of Indonesian maritime territory.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Abdul Kadir Mulku Zahari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 15
ending page: 15

Indonesia Sebagai Anggota Penuh BRICS +, Manfaat Strategisnya Bagi Perkuatan Pertahanan Matra Laut Indonesia
type: item
description: Indonesia's membership as a full member of BRICS+ on January 6, 2025 is expected to have a significant impact on strengthening the country's maritime defense. This article examines the strategic benefits of membership, including diversification of defense equipment sources, increased bargaining position in procurement negotiations, and access to advanced technology from member countries. By establishing closer cooperation with countries such as Russia, China, India, and United Arab Emirates, Indonesia has the potential to reduce dependence on Western countries and increase independence in defense equipment production. In addition, this membership also strengthens Indonesia's position in regional maritime security issues and provides access to wider markets and foreign investment. The results of the study indicate that BRICS+ membership can be a strategic step that can strengthen maritime defense and improve Indonesia's position in the global arena.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: BRICS+
  topic: keywords
subject: Independence
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime defence
  topic: keywords
creator: Amimul Ummah Bay
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 13
ending page: 13

Perkuatan Giat Patroli Batas Wilayah Kedaulatan Indonesia Oleh Tni Angkatan Laut Dengan Mengaplikasi Teknologi Terkini
type: item
description: This research aims to analyze the active strengthening of border patrols of Indonesia's sovereign territory by the Indonesian Navy through the application of the latest technology, especially satellite and drone technology. Considering the vastness of Indonesia's territorial waters which reaches more than 6.32 million km², as well as complex security challenges such as law violations in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), this research uses a qualitative descriptive method to explore information related to the use of technology in maritime surveillance. Data was obtained from document analysis, operational reports, and related literature. The research results show that the application of satellite technology, such as TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1, as well as the use of aerial drones, can increase the effectiveness of the Indonesian Navy's patrols and response to maritime violations. This research provides strengthening of technological capacity and integrated monitoring systems to ensure the continuity and security of Indonesia's marine resources. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the potential and challenges of using modern technology to support maritime surveillance, as well as warrant it for national security policy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Latest Technology Applications
  topic: keywords
subject: Sovereign Territory Boundary Patrol.
  topic: keywords
creator: Didi Efendi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 16
ending page: 16

Pandangan Tni Angkatan Laut Terhadap Batas Teritorial, Yuridiksi Negara Pantai Dan Kepulauan Berdasarkan UNCLOS I, UNCLOS II dan UNCLOS III/1982
type: item
description: The jurisdictional boundaries of coastal and archipelagic states are internationally determined based on UNCLOS 1982. However, in its application, there are still perceptions between several countries such as Indonesia and Palau. This is an important issue that affects bilateral relations between the two countries, especially in the context of international law. Although Indonesia and Palau both recognize UNCLOS as a guideline, there are differences in the delimitation methods used to determine the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Indonesia applies the proportionality method, while Palau uses the equidistance method, which causes overlapping maritime areas. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, collecting data through literature reviews and interviews with international legal experts. The results of the analysis show that more intensive diplomatic dialogue, reference to international law, and the option of resolving disputes through arbitration are needed to reach an agreement. In addition, bilateral cooperation in the economic and environmental fields can create a more conducive atmosphere. This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of maritime boundary issues in the Southeast Asian region and encourage peaceful and constructive resolution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Jurisdiction boundaries
  topic: keywords
subject: Bilateral relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia and Palau
  topic: keywords
creator: Jarot Wicaksono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 30
ending page: 30

Menelaah Konflik Zona Abu-Abu (Greyzone Conflict) Di Laut China Selatan, Studi Kasus Bentrokan Patroli Maritim China Dan Philipina
type: item
description: The grey zone conflict in the South China Sea reflects complex geopolitical dynamics involving China's strategy of diplomacy, soft power and military modernization to strengthen its influence in the region. While these efforts are often criticized, China continues to defend its interests, including through defense reforms and the use of paramilitary tactics. The conflict triggered responses from countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam and Malaysia, which strengthened multilateral and minilateral cooperation to maintain regional stability. ASEAN and China's efforts to de-escalate tensions through the Declaration of Conduct (DoC) and Code of Conduct (CoC) demonstrate the importance of diplomacy in conflict resolution, although implementation still faces challenges. The Philippines-China relationship, which is often contentious, involves heavy influence from the United States as a major player in maintaining the strategic balance in the region. This research highlights the importance of understanding gray zone conflicts as an approach to managing disputes without open escalation. Through qualitative descriptive analysis, it explores the internal and external factors that influence the stability of the maritime region and its implications for the strategic environment of countries in the Indo-Pacific. Dialogue and negotiation efforts involving ASEAN, China and other global actors remain key in creating regional peace and stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: grey conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: greyzone conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Philippines
  topic: keywords
subject: South China Sea
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime territorial dispute
  topic: keywords
creator: Agus Haryanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
date: 2025-07-16
publication date: 2025-07-16
starting page: 11
ending page: 11