The Indonesian Maritime Journal is an academic journal maintained by the Indonesian Maritime Studies Center (IMSC), Indonesian Naval Command, and Staff College. The journal focuses on strategic, technological, and policy-related studies in maritime affairs and naval power. It covers issues such as maritime security, naval diplomacy, marine economy, maritime law, and the use of maritime technology. Key topics include: Maritime Defense Maritime security Maritime geopolitics and strategy Technology and innovation in the maritime industry International cooperation in maritime affairs Maritime regulations and policies Other related topics The purpose of the Indonesian Maritime Journal is generally to: 1. Provide a Platform for Scientific Publications. Publish research findings, strategic studies, and innovations related to maritime affairs. 2. Enhance Understanding of Maritime Issues. Discuss maritime security, maritime law, marine economy, ship technology, and maritime defense strategies. 3. Support Policy-Making. Serve as a scientific reference for policymakers in the maritime sector at both national and international levels. 4. Encourage Collaboration and Scientific Discussion. Connect academics, practitioners, and maritime stakeholders to share insights and solutions for maritime challenges. 5. Promote Indonesia’s Maritime Excellence. Highlight Indonesia’s role as a maritime nation.
Menjawab Ancaman Hibrida Model Tata Kelola Sishankamrata Untuk Membangun Keamanan Maritim Nasional Yang Terintegrasi
Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida di era globalisasi, Indonesia menghadapi tantangan keamanan maritim yang fundamental. Sifat ancaman yang ambigu dan multidimensi secara sengaja dirancang untuk mengeksploitasi kesenjangan tata telola antar-lembaga yang masih bersifat sektoral . Tulisan ini berargumen bahwa solusi membangun keamanan maritim nasional tidak terletak pada penciptaan doktrin baru melainkan pada revitalisasi implementasi Sishankamrata, yang merupakan kerangka Whole-of-Society otentik Indonesia . Menggunakan metode analisis konten kualitatif terhadap Doktrin Pertahanan Negara sebagai data primer, tulisan ini menganalisis kesenjangan fundamental antara mandat doktrin—yang menempatkan k/l sebagai unsur utama penanganan ancaman nirmiliter —dan praktik operasional yang tumpang tindih, seperti terbukti dalam studi kasus IUUF di Laut Natuna Utara . Momentum reorganisasi TNI AL melalui pembentukan Kodaeral harus dimanfaatkan untuk menjembatani kesenjangan. Solusi inovatif yang ditawarkan adalah mengoperasionalkan Kodaeral sebagai enabler OMSP (Operasi Militer Selain Perang) yang berfungsi sebagai fasilitator tata kelola untuk mengorkestrasi seluruh unsur utama (K/L) dan komponen endukung (Swasta/Masyarakat) dalam sebuah basis gerilya modern yang terintegrasi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Maritime Journal
Securing The Seabed: Australia’s Strategic Choices In Deep-Sea Mining
Deep-sea mining is accelerating from speculative ambition to strategic reality, carrying profound implications for Australia’s security, economy, and influence in the Pacific. With an estimated 8 to 20 trillion USD in critical minerals underpinning global decarbonisation, competition for the seabed is intensifying while legal uncertainty, environmental risk, and foreign-state ambitions threaten to reshape maritime power balances. For a nation whose prosperity relies on secure sea lanes and a stable rules-based order, these emerging pressures cannot be ignored. This report assesses how developments in deep-sea mining intersect with Australia’s defence interests across environmental, legal, and geostrategic dimensions. It contends that Australia must reinforce international law, monitor Pacific Island states’ interest in deep-sea mining, and be ready to respond if maritime Australia has an opportunity to be a regional leader in sustainable and legally compliant deep-sea mining, but it must first understand the dynamics and complex issues playing out in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.
Climate-Security Nexus: Enso-Driven Rainfall Variability And Maritime Security Vulnerability In Indonesian Strategic Waters
Indonesia's strategic maritime zones face escalating security challenges exacerbated by climate variability. This study examines the relationship between El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven precipitation variability and maritime security vulnerabilities across five critical Indonesian maritime zones over a 27-year period (2000-2024). Using GPM IMERG satellite precipitation data and Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) records, we analyzed 324 monthly observations to quantify ENSO-rainfall correlations and assess security implications. Results reveal significant negative correlations between ONI and rainfall in Sulawesi Sea (r = -0.553, p < 0.001), Maluku Waters (r = -0.494, p < 0.001), and Makassar Strait (r = -0.424, p < 0.001). El Niño events correspond to 14-42% rainfall deficits, while La Niña phases show 16-35% increases relative to normal conditions. Integrated vulnerability assessment combining ENSO sensitivity (40%), rainfall variability (30%), and baseline security threats (30%) identifies Sulawesi Sea (composite index: 75.0) and Maluku Waters (67.8) as critical priority zones. The study demonstrates that El Niño induced droughts correlate with increased livelihood stress among coastal communities, potentially elevating recruitment vulnerability for piracy and maritime terrorism. Conversely, La Niña-associated extreme rainfall reduces patrol visibility and operational capacity. We propose an ENSO-linked early warning system integrating 3-6 month ONI forecasts with dynamic security deployment protocols. Implementation of climate-adaptive maritime security frameworks could enhance operational effectiveness by 25-40% during extreme ENSO events, representing a paradigm shift toward predictive threat management in the Anthropocene.
Maritime Insecurity: Lessons From Three Global Flashpoints
Across these three case studies – The Red Sea, the Somalian Coast and the Ukraine-Russian war in the Black Sea – we have identified five major factors that have compromised maritime security. We are more likely to see maritime insecurity in areas where there is a past history of problems, where there is weak or divided state enforcement capabilities and where malign actors can secure maximum leverage at maritime chokepoints. Areas of concern tend to multiply with negative affects spilling over into adjacent regions. Finally, and we suggested that this is perhaps the most important factor, all specific local and regional issues are exacerbated and often overtaken altogether by war at sea. The next step in this research is to apply these five general characteristics of maritime insecurity built from the analysis of the case studies to our own region, the Indo-Pacific. Can we identify areas of concern and particular sites where there is an intense concentration of maritime insecurity? That will be subject of our next article.
Building A Comprehensive Australia-Asean Maritime Partnership In A Changing Indo-Pacific Order
The Australia-ASEAN maritime partnership faces both practical opportunities and strategic tensions. This paper analyzes maritime security cooperation following the 2024 ASEAN Australia Special Summit, using a 'role conflict' framework to assess how Australia balances its 'middle power' support for ASEAN multilateralism with its 'minilateral ally' posture (AUKUS, Quad). From an ASEAN-centric, Indonesian naval practitioner's perspective, it examines three pillars: (1) the Blue Economy foundation; (2) the security spectrum from Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing to naval interoperability; and (3) the institutional challenge AUKUS poses to ASEAN Centrality. This 'role conflict' framework explains Australia's strategic behaviour as an attempt to use 'middle power' engagement to mitigate the diplomatic friction caused by its 'minilateral ally' posture. The paper argues Australia's strategy to manage this 'role conflict' (using 'middle power' funding to offset 'minilateral ally' friction) is viable but tenuous. Partnership resilience will be determined not by high-end naval ('grey-hull') cooperation, fractured by AUKUS, but by foundational trust built through civilian law enforcement ('white-hull') and scientific ('blue') channels. While AUKUS creates friction, new initiatives like the AUD $64 million Southeast Asia Maritime Partnerships Initiative offer crucial confidence-building pathways. The paper concludes with policy recommendations focused on 'white-hull' over 'grey-hull' cooperation, including tailored capacity-building and a formal Track 1.5 dialogue, to ensure the partnership strengthens, not undermines, the ASEAN-led regional architecture.
Transformasi Keamanan Maritim Adaptif Melalui Inovasi Teknologi Kuantum Dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Global
This research analyzes the paradigm shift in maritime security driven by two main trends: the escalation of hybrid threats and the maturity of quantum technology. The analysis reveals that modern hybrid threats exploit fundamental vulnerabilities, including ambiguity in detection, attribution, and law, which creates conditions of "sea blindness," as well as cybersecurity vulnerabilities in increasingly integrated digital and navigational infrastructure. The key finding of this study is that quantum technology offers symmetric and fundamental countermeasures to these vulnerabilities. Quantum sensors, including atom interferometer based PNT, NV-center-based precision magnetometry, and Distributed Quantum Sensing (DQS) networks, provide high transparency and precise measurement. This directly diminishes ambiguities, addresses "sea blindness," and alters the strategic calculus of hybrid actors by eliminating plausible deniability. Additionally, quantum communication, particularly Underwater QKD (UQKD), offers absolute security for critical data links, enhancing the resilience of Critical Maritime Infrastructure (CMI) and sensor architecture against cyber interception and manipulation. The synthesis of precision sensors, secure communication, and AI-based data fusion forms the foundation for a new "adaptive maritime security architecture." This architecture is proactive, resilient, and capable of operating independently of vulnerable external infrastructure.
Implementasi Kerangka Kerja Regulasi Keamanan Siber Untuk Kapal Otonom (Mass) Guna Mengantisipasi Risiko Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Pelayaran Masa Depan Dalam Pertahanan Negara Di Laut
The advancement of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) technology is not merely an option but a certainty that will transform the global maritime industry. However, despite offering efficiency, MASS also faces serious security vulnerabilities due to its reliance on complex digital systems, making it susceptible to hybrid threats. Cyberattacks can result in physical damage, economic disruption, and pose a threat to national sovereignty. Analysis indicates that the existing maritime regulatory framework is insufficient to address these challenges. Therefore, Indonesia needs to develop a cybersecurity regulatory model based on four pillars: (1) standardization of secure technology from the design stage; (2) operational regulations and human resource competency development; (3) collaboration in threat information sharing; and (4) law enforcement measures that create a deterrent effect. The implementation of this framework is not only technical but also strategic, aimed at ensuring that Indonesia can leverage autonomous technologies without compromising its security and sovereignty as the World Maritime Axis. By confronting the evolving landscape of cyber threats, Indonesia can transform from a reactive participant into a pioneer in secure and resilient autonomous maritime operations.
Naval Deterrence Patrol Diperkuat Network Centric Warfare Sebagai Strategi Adaptif Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Globalisasi
Naval Deterrence Patrol (NDP) enhanced by Network Centric Warfare (NCW) is one of the adaptive strategies to address hybrid threats in Indonesia's maritime region. Utilizing a qualitative approach through comprehensive literature studies, this research explores the key elements of NDP: denial deterrence, credibility & resolve, and punishment deterrence. NCW is identified as a force multiplier for NDP, creating a real-time Common Operational Picture (COP) that enhances situational awareness, command speed, and inter-agency coordination. However, the application of this concept faces several challenges that require comprehensive measures. Strategic recommendations include investment in NCW infrastructure, cyber-resilient training, shared COP platforms, and revisions to the Sishankamrata doctrine. The integration of NDP and NCW has the potential to transform Indonesia's maritime security, shifting from a physical presence to a "smart presence" that proactively counters the spectrum of hybrid threats.
Dari Laut Menuju Kekuatan Dunia: Membangun Keamanan Maritim Adaptif Menghadapi Ancaman Hibrida Di Era Prabowo Subianto
Indonesia, as the largest archipelagic nation in the world, faces an increasingly complex spectrum of maritime threats, particularly in the form of hybrid threats that are unconventional, coordinated, and cross-domain. This article analyzes Indonesia's adaptive maritime security development strategies through a synergistic approach involving military capabilities (Indonesian Navy), academic capacities (National Defense Institute/Maritime Security Research Center), and fiscal and industrial support (government and defense industry). Through a review of literature and current policies, it is found that the modernization of defense equipment, integration of maritime information systems, enhancement of strategic research capacity, and progressive fiscal policies are the main foundations for strengthening Indonesia's deterrence against maritime threats. This study recommends the establishment of a maritime hybrid threat command center, expedited technology transfer in the maritime defense industry, and public communication strategies to counter disinformation. The overall analysis shows that the success of Indonesia's maritime defense depends on adaptive, collaborative, and knowledge-based responses within the framework of the national geostrategy under Prabowo Subianto's leadership.
Melampaui Kecepatan Mesin: Adaptasi ROE Dan Sinergitas Di Era Perang Atribusi Artificial Intelligent
In the modern era, challenges related to attribution, proportionality, and jurisdiction have become increasingly complex, necessitating strategic measures. First, supply chain and cyber attacks complicate attribution, rendering the rules of engagement (ROE) irrelevant. Second, non-kinetic attacks, such as GNSS spoofing, create strategic impacts without legitimate options for kinetic response. Third, attacks on dual-use infrastructure exploit gaps between military and civilian jurisdictions. To address these threats, improvements in ROE are needed with a focus on effects. Each verified attack should be considered a Hostile Act, activating defensive responses. The establishment of an Intel-Legal Fusion Cell is also crucial for enhancing early warning systems and decision-making related to hybrid threats.
M. Imam Chadhafi, Efatha Filomeno Borromeu Duarte
Diplomasi Pertahanan Maritim Indonesia: Implementasi White Hull Diplomacy Dalam Mengelola Grey Zone Di Laut Natuna Utara
This study examines Indonesia’s implementation of white hull diplomacy to manage grey zone dynamics in the North Natuna Sea, positioning the Navy as the strategic enabler behind civilian maritime law-enforcement (Bakamla/Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries). A qualitative literature review of policy documents and accredited academic sources was employed. The analytical framework draws on neorealism (state rationality and self-help), maritime security theory (multidimensional governance of law, economy, defense, and diplomacy), and the nested concepts of maritime diplomacy, defense diplomacy, and their synthesis maritime defense diplomacy emphasizing deterrence without escalation. Findings indicate that the effectiveness of white hull diplomacy depends on a layered defense architecture orchestrated by the Navy: Maritime Domain Awareness for detection and cueing; hydrographic and lawfare support to strengthen legal legitimacy under UNCLOS; and over-the-horizon naval presence to sustain latent deterrence. This “data–enforcement diplomacy” chain validates actions within the EEZ, preserves diplomatic space, reduces escalation risks, and enhances Indonesia’s legal standing. Policy implications include tighter information-operational integration among the Navy–Bakamla–KKP, sustained investment in MDA and evidentiary capacity, and consistent regional/multilateral diplomacy to buttress norms at sea. Accordingly, Indonesia’s maritime strength is assessed by its ability to orchestrate law, diplomacy, and defense rather than by the quantity of grey-hull assets.
Nilai Strategis Poros Penggerak Listrik Terintegrasi Bagi Kri Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Operasi Keamanan Laut Nusantara
Integrated electric drive shafts are being adopted by various naval forces of superpower countries to enhance the effectiveness of their operations. This study discusses the strategic value of implementing an integrated electric propulsion system on Indonesian Navy Ships to enhance maritime security operational capabilities in the archipelago. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis methods, data were collected through literature studies, interviews, and direct observations. The results indicate that the integrated electric propulsion system offers various advantages, including energy efficiency, noise reduction, and improved maneuverability, all of which contribute to the effectiveness of maritime security missions. However, challenges related to investment costs and maintenance are significant factors that need to be addressed. This research recommends a thorough analysis of cost-benefit considerations and strategies to overcome obstacles in the implementation of this technology, thereby strengthening Indonesia's position as a formidable maritime power.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Maritime Journal
Konflik Laut Merah Dan Pelajaran Untuk Perkuatan Pertahanan Laut Nusantara
The Houthi group, which controls Yemen, has imposed a blockade in the Red Sea against ships flying the flags of certain countries, prompting the UN Security Council to issue a resolution. This resolution has become a basis for the United States and several other countries to begin attacking the Houthi group, escalating the situation in the Red Sea. This research discusses the conflict in the Red Sea and the lessons that can be learned to strengthen the maritime defense of the Indonesia’s. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis methods, data was collected through literature studies. The conflict involving the Houthi Group in Yemen highlights the importance of mastering modern defense technologies, such as ballistic missiles and drones, when facing larger powers. The research findings identify the significance of self-reliance in strengthening defense systems, alongside the necessity for Indonesia to continuously foster international cooperation. Ultimately, this study aims to provide recommendations for Indonesia to enhance its maritime defense capacity.
Ancaman Kedaulatan Di Laut, Dan Upaya Perkuatan Pertahanan Negara Melalui Konsep Pertahanan Litoral Serta Kesiapan Indonesia Atasnya
As an archipelagic country, Indonesia faces challenges in determining maritime boundaries that have not yet been fully resolved. This uncertainty has led to the emergence of various threats, both traditional and non-traditional in nature. Based on this, various efforts to strengthen national defense have become crucial, including the implementation of the concept of littoral defense. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to analyze the current situation and Indonesia's readiness to apply the concept of littoral defense. The results indicate that although Indonesia possesses significant defense potential, the integration among the branches of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and the development of effective emergency response procedures are key components in the littoral defense concept to safeguard the nation's sovereignty across all borders, including in maritime areas.
Emergency Response Procedures, and National Sovereignty
Smart Defense Dan Dual Strategy - Aplikasinya Terhadap Upaya Pertahanan Laut Nusantara Di Sekitar ALKI I
The application of the Smart Defense and Dual Strategy concepts in Indonesia's maritime defense efforts, particularly around the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane (ALKI) I, serves as an alternative method to enhance defense capabilities in the region. ALKI I is a strategic route that connects various international waters and is susceptible to various threats, including unilateral claims by other countries and illegal activities. By integrating advanced technology in maritime defense and empowering local wisdom, Smart Defense aims to improve surveillance and security in ALKI I. Meanwhile, the Dual Strategy emphasizes the importance of defense diplomacy and the development of the Indonesian Navy's capabilities to maintain national sovereignty. This research employs a literature study method to analyze the geostrategic context and challenges faced by Indonesia, as well as to formulate recommendations for the implementation of both concepts.
Nilai Strategis Frigate Brawijaya Class Bagi Penegakkan Kedaulatan Negara Di Laut Dan Komparasinya Dengan Fregat Lain Di Kawasan
The Frigate Brawijaya Class holds strategic value for the enforcement of state sovereignty at sea. This vessel, which is part of the Frigate European Multi-Mission (FREMM) family, has just joined the Escort Squadron of the II Fleet on September 10, 2025. In this research, the researcher conducted a comparison with frigates owned by countries in the Southeast Asian and Southwest Pacific regions. The research method used is a SWOT analysis to compare the aspects of combat capability, modernity, range, and self-defense systems of KRI Brawijaya-320 and other frigates in the region. The results show that the Mogami frigate from Australia has the highest superiority among the compared vessels, while KRI Brawijaya-320 shows good potential with modern technology and solid combat capability, although it still has limitations in range. Efforts to improve the capabilities and modernization of these vessels will be very important for each country in facing the challenges of maritime security in the region.
Sistem Pengawasan Maritim Terintegrasi Demi Terjamin Kedaulatan Negara
The integrated maritime surveillance system in Indonesia is essential for maintaining national sovereignty as the largest archipelagic country in the world. In this context, the roles of the Indonesian Navy, the Indonesian Air Force, and the Indonesian Army are crucial in monitoring vast maritime areas, especially in facing various threats such as smuggling, resource theft, boundary violations, and maritime terrorism. The research method employed is a qualitative approach, utilizing document analysis and direct observation at strategic locations. The findings indicate that despite the availability of various monitoring tools, challenges remain in terms of coverage and surveillance capacity. The synergy among the three branches of the armed forces, along with the development of monitoring technologies and improved communication systems, is key to enhancing the effectiveness of maritime surveillance. By involving the community in surveillance efforts, it is hoped that this system can be more responsive to existing threats, thereby ensuring the sovereignty and maritime security of Indonesia.
Benteng Nusantara: Postur Peperangan Litoral TNI Angkatan Laut
As the largest archipelagic nation in the world, Indonesia faces unique and massive maritime defence challenges. With the global strategic focus shifting from blue-water naval combat to complex littoral warfare, the posture and capabilities of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) become crucial for national security and regional stability. This article analyses the evolution of TNI AL's littoral warfare capabilities within the framework of long-term defence posture projections for 2025-2045. Utilizing the ideal-type naval framework of "Type A" (Small Coastal Navy) and "Type B" (Superpower Navy) developed by Bergström and Parrat, this article posits the central thesis that TNI AL is building a unique hybrid posture, defined as "Nusantara Fortress" or "Type A+". This model is fundamentally rooted in the principles of sea denial from Type A navies but is strategically enhanced with limited and calibrated power projection capabilities focused on the archipelagic domain. The "Type A+" posture represents a pragmatic and sophisticated response to Indonesia's geography, doctrinal legacy, and persistent fiscal realities. This analysis deconstructs the key components of this posture, ranging from coastal defence systems, underwater warfare, to amphibious capabilities and the integration of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR), to demonstrate how TNI AL has not evolved linearly toward a blue-water navy status but rather toward a specialized and optimized form for archipelagic warfare. In conclusion, the "Nusantara Fortress" model offers a new archetype for understanding the naval strategies of major archipelagic nations in the 21st century, acting as a regional stabilizing force by increasing the intervention costs for any external powers without posing an offensive threat to its neighbouring countries.
Inovasi CSBM Maritim Dalam Menjawab Tantangan Keamanan Regional Asia Tenggara
This paper explores innovations in maritime Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBMs) as a strategic response to evolving regional security challenges in Southeast Asia. The study draws upon the author’s participation in the “New Maritime CSBMs in Southeast Asia” workshop organized by the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network (APLN), complemented by an analysis of contemporary threats such as grey-zone operations, overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claims, and gaps in Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). It proposes a next-generation maritime CSBM framework built upon three core pillars: (1) real-time verification of maritime activities utilizing Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT); (2) a multilateral maritime crisis protocol incorporating standardized hotline and table-top exercises (TTX); and (3) a measurable Risk Reduction Measures (RRM) framework including coercive patrol boundary mapping and military activity exclusion zones. The proposed implementation roadmap (2025–2027) includes establishing a joint risk assessment team, capacity-building initiatives, and a regional satellite imagery-sharing consortium. The findings highlight that the synergy between verification technologies and preventive diplomacy can significantly reduce close-quarters incidents and enhance the resilience of regional maritime security.
Strategic Frontiers: Maritime Infrastructure, Interoperability, And The Australia Indonesia Security Nexus
The recalibration of Australia’s 83 archipelago, places immense operational strategic posture, as articulated in the 2023 Defence Strategic Review (DSR), marks a decisive inflection point in its maritime defence orientation. While framed largely in terms of deterrence and strategic denial, this transformation carries broader implications for regional diplomacy and multilateral security cooperation particularly in relation to Indonesia, Australia’s closest maritime neighbour and a critical Indo-Pacific actor. Australia’s renewed emphasis on its northern defence infrastructure not only reflects a growing concern with the encroachment of major powers in its immediate region but also gestures towards a potential reimagining of maritime partnerships through deeper interoperability capability building.
Contemporary Maritime Piracy In Southeast Asia: An Australian Perspective
Maritime piracy remains an endemic problem in Southeast Asia. Piracy in the region poses immediate threats to maritime freight alongside far-reaching indirect threats to global trade and regional stability. Australia finds itself particularly vulnerable to regional trade disruptions, facing a combination of unavoidable geographic factors and underprepared local infrastructure. Since the early 2000s, multilateral efforts to strengthened combat regional piracy have counter-piracy capabilities through coordinated deployments of maritime force and the consolidation of information sharing efforts. Australia must seek to include increased counter-piracy cooperation in its commitment to strengthen defence and economic partnerships with the nations of Southeast Asia. Maritime piracy will continue to pose a challenge to the stability of trade in the world‟s busiest sea lanes, but with continued multilateral cooperation, the strengthening of information sharing and joint security initiatives, and increased resourcing of local maritime law enforcement agencies, this escalating issue can be controlled.
PRC and USA In Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) entitles coastal States to sovereign rights in their exclusive economic zones (EEZ). An EEZ is a maritime zone in a coastal state where a state can exclusively manage its economic activities. As the largest archipelagic country in the world, Indonesia has a strategic interest in maritime security in its EEZ, which will significantly influence national security; for example, Indonesia's EEZ in the north is the South China Sea. There are no clear rules about military and paramilitary activities in the EEZ, leading countries such as the People‟s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) to frequently conduct such activities without notifying Coastal States like Indonesia. This practice violates Indonesia‟s Sovereign Rights in EEZ and poses a risk of infringing upon Indonesia‟s Sovereignty in Territorial and Archipelagic Waters. This paper will examine whether and how Indonesia should negotiate a new international agreement that specifically regulates military and paramilitary activities by a foreign navy in the EEZ to fill the gap identified. It will assess the factors, potential terms, and viability of such a new agreement, including comparing military and paramilitary activities conducted by the PRC and the USA. One of the advantages of this contrastive approach is the comparison of the use of instrumental powers by the PRC and the USA. This paper is essential because Indonesia has a common interest with most countries: a desire for peaceful and secure sea lanes and sovereign territorial waters in a reliably well-ordered maritime environment. Indonesia opposes any country exploiting Indonesia‟s waters solely for their national interest; as a non-aligned nation, Indonesia has a vested interest in maintaining positive bilateral relations with both the PRC and the USA. Therefore, only peaceful negotiations conducted through diplomatic means can result in new, enforceable terms for traversing a State‟s EEZ, protecting the sovereignty of a State‟s territorial waters. This paper also will impact the relationship between Indonesia, the PRC, and the USA getting better. Public policymakers from the government, the military, and economists can use it to design related national strategic policy.
Together Stronger? Int Errogating Australia’s Hadr Cooperation With Indonesia In An Era Of Proliferating Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are striking more often with greater frequency and intensity across the Indo-Pacific region. This paper argues that Australia has a moral responsibility to step up its provision of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) and can do so with the support of strategic partners. It should do so only while cognisant of priorities outlined by the Defence Strategic Review (2023). By focusing on increasing cooperative activities specifically on HADR, Australia and Indonesia can together save more lives when natural disasters occur in the Indo-Pacific while gaining strategic dividends of building trust between each other‘s militaries and strengthening their diplomatic relationship. Cooperation in HADR operations and increasing the number of HADR training exercises will serve to improve military-to-military relations, increase interoperability and build social capital, all three simultaneously reinforcing the strength of diplomatic relations. This paper make two recommendations: that the Australian and Indonesian militaries continue enhancing defence cooperation with a focus on HADR collaboration and that the ADF increase its focus on participating in HADR training exercises with regional partners. As geographic neighbours facing the transnational burden of HADR, now is the time to invest in cooperation.
Learning Experience At The Indonesian Naval Command And Staff College (Seskoal): Officers' Perspectives In Facing Operational And Strategic Maritime Security Challenges
This phenomenological research aims to explore and understand the essence of the learning experiences of officer students at the Indonesian Naval Command and Staff College (Seskoal) and how these experiences shape their perspectives in facing operational and strategic maritime security challenges. Employing Edmund Husserl's transcendental phenomenological approach, this study delves deeply into the lived experiences of officer students through in-depth interviews. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis methods with the aid of NVivo software, focusing on the identification of meaning units and reduction to uncover essential themes. The research findings reveal the invariant structure of the learning experience at Seskoal, which includes the intensity of engagement, significant learning moments, challenges encountered, and perceptions of methods and curriculum. Furthermore, this study highlights how these aspects of experience are interconnected in shaping officer students' perspectives on the complexities of maritime security, including the development of strategic analysis skills, increased sense of preparedness, and internalization of relevant mindsets. The findings of this research provide profound insights into the formative process of education at Seskoal from the perspective of officer students and its implications for their readiness in addressing future maritime security challenges. This study recommends the development of interactive learning methods and a relevant curriculum to optimize the formation of officer students' perspectives
transcendental phenomenological approach
Pertahanan Litoral Dihadapkan Pada Keberadaan Alki Yang Membelah Di Tengah Gugus Kepulauan Indonesia
The concept of littoral defense is understood as a series of defense operations that focus on managing the waters around the coastal area, where land power can influence the maritime situation. With a significant area of waters, Indonesia is faced with security challenges due to the increasing intensity of foreign ship voyages through ALKI, which has the potential to disrupt the sovereignty and stability of state security. Using a qualitative approach with an analysis of various laws and regulations and related scientific sources. The findings show that strengthening the TNI's capabilities, integration between dimensions, and increasing public awareness of the importance of maritime security are key strategies in dealing with emerging threats. This study recommends the development of a rapid detection and response system and collaboration between the Government, TNI, and the community to create a safe maritime environment. Through a comprehensive and responsive strategy, Indonesia can maintain the sovereignty and security of its maritime territory, while contributing to regional security stability.
Studi Komparatif Kesenjataan Kaliber 12,7 MM Hingga 30 MM, Untuk Memperkuat Kapal Patroli TNI AL Dalam Menegakkan Keamanan Laut Nusantara
This comparative study analyzes 12.7 mm to 30 mm caliber weapons to strengthen the Indonesian Navy patrol ships in enforcing the security of the Indonesian seas. With the increasing violation of territory by foreign ships, the importance of an effective weapon system is becoming increasingly urgent. Through qualitative methods and SWOT analysis, this study compares several types of heavy machine guns (HMG) in different calibers. The results show that the M2HB Browning (12.7 mm) has the highest score for the 12.7 mm caliber HMG when compared to other products including the SM-5. However, the development of the SM-5 as a local product remains important for the independence of the domestic Strategic Defense Industry. The 20 mm caliber HMG, especially Rheinmetall, shows advantages in destructive power and flexibility, while the Oerlikon twin cannon CGM-B01 (30 mm) offers reliability and good logistical support. The conclusion of this study confirms that strengthening weapons in calibers of 12.7 mm to 30 mm on patrol ships belonging to the Indonesian Navy is very necessary to increase the effectiveness of patrol elements in the ranks of the Indonesian Navy in maintaining the sovereignty and security of Indonesian maritime territory.
Indonesia Sebagai Anggota Penuh BRICS +, Manfaat Strategisnya Bagi Perkuatan Pertahanan Matra Laut Indonesia
Indonesia's membership as a full member of BRICS+ on January 6, 2025 is expected to have a significant impact on strengthening the country's maritime defense. This article examines the strategic benefits of membership, including diversification of defense equipment sources, increased bargaining position in procurement negotiations, and access to advanced technology from member countries. By establishing closer cooperation with countries such as Russia, China, India, and United Arab Emirates, Indonesia has the potential to reduce dependence on Western countries and increase independence in defense equipment production. In addition, this membership also strengthens Indonesia's position in regional maritime security issues and provides access to wider markets and foreign investment. The results of the study indicate that BRICS+ membership can be a strategic step that can strengthen maritime defense and improve Indonesia's position in the global arena.
Perkuatan Giat Patroli Batas Wilayah Kedaulatan Indonesia Oleh Tni Angkatan Laut Dengan Mengaplikasi Teknologi Terkini
This research aims to analyze the active strengthening of border patrols of Indonesia's sovereign territory by the Indonesian Navy through the application of the latest technology, especially satellite and drone technology. Considering the vastness of Indonesia's territorial waters which reaches more than 6.32 million km², as well as complex security challenges such as law violations in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), this research uses a qualitative descriptive method to explore information related to the use of technology in maritime surveillance. Data was obtained from document analysis, operational reports, and related literature. The research results show that the application of satellite technology, such as TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1, as well as the use of aerial drones, can increase the effectiveness of the Indonesian Navy's patrols and response to maritime violations. This research provides strengthening of technological capacity and integrated monitoring systems to ensure the continuity and security of Indonesia's marine resources. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the potential and challenges of using modern technology to support maritime surveillance, as well as warrant it for national security policy.
Pandangan Tni Angkatan Laut Terhadap Batas Teritorial, Yuridiksi Negara Pantai Dan Kepulauan Berdasarkan UNCLOS I, UNCLOS II dan UNCLOS III/1982
The jurisdictional boundaries of coastal and archipelagic states are internationally determined based on UNCLOS 1982. However, in its application, there are still perceptions between several countries such as Indonesia and Palau. This is an important issue that affects bilateral relations between the two countries, especially in the context of international law. Although Indonesia and Palau both recognize UNCLOS as a guideline, there are differences in the delimitation methods used to determine the boundaries of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Indonesia applies the proportionality method, while Palau uses the equidistance method, which causes overlapping maritime areas. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, collecting data through literature reviews and interviews with international legal experts. The results of the analysis show that more intensive diplomatic dialogue, reference to international law, and the option of resolving disputes through arbitration are needed to reach an agreement. In addition, bilateral cooperation in the economic and environmental fields can create a more conducive atmosphere. This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of maritime boundary issues in the Southeast Asian region and encourage peaceful and constructive resolution.
Menelaah Konflik Zona Abu-Abu (Greyzone Conflict) Di Laut China Selatan, Studi Kasus Bentrokan Patroli Maritim China Dan Philipina
The grey zone conflict in the South China Sea reflects complex geopolitical dynamics involving China's strategy of diplomacy, soft power and military modernization to strengthen its influence in the region. While these efforts are often criticized, China continues to defend its interests, including through defense reforms and the use of paramilitary tactics. The conflict triggered responses from countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam and Malaysia, which strengthened multilateral and minilateral cooperation to maintain regional stability. ASEAN and China's efforts to de-escalate tensions through the Declaration of Conduct (DoC) and Code of Conduct (CoC) demonstrate the importance of diplomacy in conflict resolution, although implementation still faces challenges. The Philippines-China relationship, which is often contentious, involves heavy influence from the United States as a major player in maintaining the strategic balance in the region. This research highlights the importance of understanding gray zone conflicts as an approach to managing disputes without open escalation. Through qualitative descriptive analysis, it explores the internal and external factors that influence the stability of the maritime region and its implications for the strategic environment of countries in the Indo-Pacific. Dialogue and negotiation efforts involving ASEAN, China and other global actors remain key in creating regional peace and stability.